Method for treating adamts-5-associated disease

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to methods of treating ADAMTS-5-associated diseases and particularly osteoarthritis comprising administering an agent capable of modulating ADMATS-5 activity to a subject afflicted with the disease. The agent is preferably a biaryl sulfonamide compound. The invention is based, in part, on the discovery that transgenic animals that do not express functional ADAMTS-5 show a reduction in the degree of osteoarthritis after the induction of osteoarthritis as compared to WT animals. Furthermore, the ADAMTS-5 transgenic animals have reduced aggrecanase activity in articular tissue as compared to WT animals. These animals are good models for ADAMTS-5-associated diseases, and for screening of drugs useful in the treatment and/or prevention of these diseases. There are no other animal models in which the deletion of the activity of a single gene is capable of abrogating the course of osteoarthritis. Accordingly, these animals also show that osteoarthritis can be prevented and/or treated by administering to a subject an ADAMTS-5 inhibitory agent and particularly an agent capable of inhibiting the aggrecanase activity of ADAMTS-5.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/983,981,filed on Nov. 8, 2004, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) toU.S. Provisional Application No. 60/526,883, filed Dec. 4, 2003. Thedisclosures of the prior applications are incorporated by referenceherein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of treating anADAMTS-5-associated disease, and particularly, osteoarthritis. Asemployed herein, the term “ADAMTS” means a disintegrin andmetalloprotease with thrombosondin type I motifs. As employed herein,the term “KO” refers to animals carrying a mutation resulting insubstantial reduction or absence of expression of a gene product, suchas the ADAMTS-5 gene product in the cells of the transgenic animal.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Osteoarthritis is a pathologic condition in synovial jointscharacterized by cartilage extracellular matrix degradation. A majorcomponent of cartilage extracellular matrix is the proteoglycanaggrecan. Pathologic cleavage of aggrecan occurs at 2 primary siteswithin the interglobular domain of the protein backbone which results inrelease of the functional entity from the extracellular matrix. One site(N³⁴¹⁻³⁴²F) is cleaved by matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), while asecond, non-MMP cleavage site within aggrecan is at E³⁷³⁻³⁷⁴A. TheE³⁷³⁻³⁷⁴A cleavage site has been identified as an important site ofdegradation in osteoarthritic synovial fluid samples (Lohmander, Neameand Sandy, 1993, Arthritis & Rhuem 36:1214) and cytokine stimulatedcartilage cultures (Sandy et al., 1991, J. Biol. Chem. 266:8683).Several ADAMTS enzymes have been demonstrated to be capable of cleavingaggrecan at the E³⁷³⁻³⁷⁴A, or “aggrecanase” site (Kuno et al., 2000,FEBS Letters 478 :241; Rodriquez-Manzaneque et al., 2002, Biochem.Biophys. Res. Commun. 293:501; Somerville et al., 2003, Biol. Chem.278:9503; U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,575). ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5, orAggrecanase-1 and Aggrecanase-2, respectively, appear to be the twoenzymes capable of being synthesized by articular cartilage with by far(>1000 fold) the most efficient “aggrecanase” activity (Tortorella etal., 1999, Science 284:1664; and Abbaszade et al., 1999, J. Biol. Chem.274:23443). However, it is not clear whether these enzymes, eithercollectively or independently, are responsible for the aggrecandegradation in osteoarthritis.

Evidence of ADAMTS-4 in joint disease is found in several reports ofincreased expression of ADAMTS-4 after stimulation of articular tissueswith inflammatory cytokines. Bau et al., 2002, Arthritis & Rhuem46:2648-2657; Curtis et al., 2000, J. Biol. Chem. 275:721-724;Tortorella et al., 2001, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 9:539-552; Little etal., 2002, Arthritis & Rhuem 46:124-129; and Yamanashi et al., 2002, J.Immunol. 168:1405-1412. In vitro findings indicate that ADAMTS-4 is oneof the few enzymes that can efficiently cleave aggrecan at the site thatis cleaved in naturally occurring disease. Tortorella et al., 2000, J.Biol. Chem. 275:18566-18573; Tortorella et al., 2002, Matrix Biol.21:499-511.

In addition, aggrecanases are known to play a role in other disorders inwhich extracellular protein degradation or destruction occurs, such ascancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (“COPD”),atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, myocardialinfarction, corneal ulceration and other ocular surface diseases,hepatitis, aortic aneurysms, tendonitis, central nervous systemdiseases, abnormal wound healing, angiogenesis, restenosis, cirrhosis,multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis, graft versus host disease,diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, shock, invertebral discdegeneration, stroke, osteopenia, and periodontal diseases.

The generation of the ADAMTS-4 knockout (KO) has previously beenreported (Glasson et al., 2004, Arthritis and Rheum, 50:2547-2558).While many reports showed at least some evidence that ADAMTS-4 isinvolved in the development of osteoarthritis, surprisingly this mousedid not show any differences in the onset of osteoarthritis thanwild-type (WT) and did not exhibit any difference in aggrecanaseactivity. Although, it is still possible that ADAMTS-4 is involved inosteoarthritis in other animals, including humans, to date, theaggrecanase activity associated with the pathological accumulation ofaggrecan degradation products has not been identified.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for treating anADAMTS-5-associated disease, and particularly osteoarthritis, comprisingadministering to a subject an effective amount of an ADAMTS-5 inhibitoryagent. In one embodiment, the ADAMTS-5 inhibitory agent inhibits themetalloproteinase activity of ADAMTS-5. In another embodiment, the agentinhibits the aggrecanase activity of ADAMTS-5. Particularly preferredagents that are useful for treating ADAMTS-5-associated diseases, andparticularly osteoarthritis, include biaryl sulfonamide compounds andantibodies that bind to and inhibit ADAMTS-5. Preferred biarylsulfonamide compounds of the invention are those of the formula I:

wherein:

R¹ is H or C1-C6 alkyl;

R² is H, C1-C6 alkyl, (CH₂)_(n)R^(2′), phenyl, or benzyl;

n is 0-6;

R² is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl;

R³ is, independently with respect to each occurrence, H, halogen,OC(halogen)₃, C(halogen)₃, alkoxy, or C1-C6 alkyl;

X is selected from CH₂O, OCH₂, C(R³)═C(R³), C(R³)₂—C(R³)₂, CH₂NHC(═O),O(C═O)NH, O, C(═O)CH₂, SO₂CH₂C(═O)NH, SO₂NH, OC(═O), CH₂S(O), andCH₂S(O)₂; and

Z is at least one aryl or heteroaryl moiety.

Particularly preferred biaryl sulfonamides of the invention are listedin Table 1 below in Example 4.

In addition, the present invention provides a method for identifyingagents useful for the treatment of osteoarthritis using the transgenicanimals of the invention, and cells isolated therefrom. In aparticularly embodiment, the methods comprise administering to anADAMTS-5 transgenic animal of the invention and an animal havingADAMTS-5 activity a potential therapeutic agent and determining whetherthe potential therapeutic agent is capable of abrogating the onset ofinduced osteoarthritis in the WT type animal but not in the ADAMTS-5transgenic animal. In another embodiment, the methods comprisecontacting a cell derived from an ADAMTS-5 transgenic animal and a cellderived from an animal having ADAMTS-5 activity, with a potentialtherapeutic agent, and determining whether the agent inhibitsmetalloproteinase activity in the cell having ADAMTS-5 activity but notin the ADAMTS-5 transgenic animal cell. Both methods may furthercomprise determining whether the agent inhibits ADAMTS-5metalloproteinase activity and/or aggrecanase activity.

In a further embodiment, the methods of identifying potential agentsuseful for the treatment of ADAMTS-5-associated diseases, andparticularly osteoarthritis, comprise identifying agents that inhibitADAMTS-5 by contacting ADAMTS-5 and determining whether the agentinhibits ADAMTS-5. In a preferred embodiment, the agent inhibits themetalloproteinase activity of ADAMTS-5. In a particularly preferredembodiment, the agent inhibits the aggrecanase activity of ADAMTS-5.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other aspects of the invention will be more clearly understoodby reference to the following detailed description of exemplaryembodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the targeted disruption of the murine ADAMTS-5 gene(A) shows a map of the amino acid sequence of ADAMTS-5, (B) shows theallelic characterization of the ADAMTS-5 KO animal and the location ofprimers used to generate PCR products, (C) shows PCR products generatedusing primers 1 and 2 shown in 1B, and PCR products generated usingprimers 3 and 4 shown in 1B, (D) shows a map of the site of primers usedin reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR to identify mRNA in WT and KO animals,(E) shows RT-PCR products generated using primers 4 and 5, and (G) showsRT-PCR products generated using primers 4 and 6;

FIG. 2 shows the immunohistochemical localization of the aggrecanasegenerated TEGE³⁷³ neoepitope in growth plates of 14-18 week old WTanimals (top), ADAMTS-4 KO animals (left bottom) and, ADAMTS-5 KOanimals (right bottom);

FIG. 3 illustrates the histologic scores of joints from WT, ADAMTS-5homozygous KO and ADAMTS-5 heterozygous mice 4 and 8 weeks afterinduction of surgical joint in stability (A) shows the histologic scoresexpressed as the mean maximal score from each joint, and (B) shows thehistologic scores expressed as the mean of the sum of the scores formeach histologic section through the joints;

FIG. 4 illustrates the mean maximal histologic scores of the medialtibial plateau of WT, homozygous ADAMTS-5 KO and heterozygous ADAMTS-5KO animals 4 and 8 weeks after induction of joint instability; and

FIG. 5 illustrates proteoglycan release from articular cartilage from WTand ADAMTS-5 KO animals (A) shows the percent total proteoglycanreleased from cultured articular cartilage, (B) shows a western analysisof TEGE³⁷³ neoepitope released from articular cartilage, and (C) showsimmunostaining of femoral head articular cartilage from WT (top),ADAMTS-4 KO (center) and ADAMTS-5 KO (bottom) articular cartilage.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the discovery that the expression ofADAMTS-5 is directly involved in osteoarthritis. Transgenic ADAMTS-5 KOmice are resistant to the onset of osteoarthritis when stimulated todevelop osteoarthritis. These transgenic animals represent the firstanimal model in which the disruption in a single gene has resulted inresistance to osteoarthritis. Accordingly, this discovery has led to thedetermination that ADAMTS-5 is a drug target molecule for the treatmentof osteoarthritis and that inhibitors, preferably aggrecanaseinhibitors, of ADAMTS-5 can be used to treat osteoarthritis.

Therefore, the present invention relates to a method of preventingand/or treating osteoarthritis comprising administering to a subject aneffective amount of an agent that inhibits ADAMTS-5. Such agentsinclude, but are not limited to anti-sense RNA, drug compounds,particularly those that bind to and inhibit the metalloproteinase siteof ADAMTS-5, peptides and proteins, and antibodies capable of binding toand inhibiting ADAMTS-5.

The term “effective amount,” as used herein, refers to the amount of anagent, that when administered to a subject, is effective to at leastpartially ameliorate (and in preferred embodiments, prevent and/or cure)a condition from which the subject is suspected to suffer.

In one preferred embodiment, the agent is an anti-ADAMTS-5 antibody thatis capable of inhibiting ADAMTS-5 metalloproteinase activity and/oraggrecanase activity. In a particularly preferred embodiment, theantibody inhibits ADAMTS-5. Such antibodies are further discussed belowin Example 5.

In another preferred embodiment, the agent is a biaryl sulfonamidecompound which has been found to act as a metalloproteinase inhibitorand/or an aggrecanase inhibitor. In a particularly preferred embodimentthe agent is a biaryl sulfonamide compound that has been found to act asan ADAMTS-5 inhibitor and is capable of inhibiting the aggrecanaseactivity of ADAMTS-5.

In a preferred embodiment, the biaryl sulfonamide compound is of theformula I:

wherein:

R¹ is H or C1-C6 alkyl;

R² is H, C1-C6 alkyl, (CH₂)_(n)R^(2′), phenyl, or benzyl;

n is 0-6;

R^(2′) is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl;

R³ is, independently with respect to each occurrence, H, halogen,OC(halogen)₃, C(halogen)₃, alkoxy, or C1-C6 alkyl;

X is selected from CH₂O, OCH₂, C(R³)═C(R³), C(R³)₂—C(R³)₂, CH₂NHC(═O),O(C═O)NH, O, C(═O)CH₂, SO₂CH₂C(═O)NH, SO₂NH, OC(═O), CH₂S(O), andCH₂S(O)₂; and

-   -   Z is at least one aryl or heteroaryl moiety.

It is understood that the foregoing definition includes pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts and pro-drugs of these compounds.

In one embodiment, Z is pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine,phenyl, naphthalene, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole,oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, or isoquinoline,or

wherein:

U is selected from S, O, C(R³)═C(R³), C(R³)═N, and N(R⁴);

W is selected from C(R³), and N;

M is selected from C(R³), and N;

L is selected from S, O, C(R³)═C(R³), C(R³)═N, and N(R⁴);

R⁴ and R⁵ are, independently with respect to each occurrence, a bond tothe other, H, C1-C6 alkyl, or phenyl;

R⁷ is selected from a bond to R³, H, halogen, C(halogen)₃, NR⁴R⁵,N[(CH₂)₂]₂O, N[(CH₂)₂]₂NR⁴, NHSO₂R⁴, NR⁴C(═O)R⁵, NHC(═O)OR⁴, NO₂,SO₂NR⁴R⁵, SO₂R⁴, OR⁴, C(═O)R⁴, COOR⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CN, phenyl, heteroaryl,C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, or C2-C6 alkynyl; and

R⁸ is selected from H, phenyl, heteroaryl, and C1-C6 alkyl. R⁷, whensubstituted, is preferably substituted with NR⁴R⁵, N[(CH₂)₂]₂O,N[(CH₂)₂]₂NR⁴, NHSO₂R⁴, NR⁴C(═O)R⁵, NHC(═O)OR⁴, NO₂, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, SO₂R⁴,OR⁸, C(═O)R⁴, COOR⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CN, phenyl, or heteroaryl.

-   -   R⁸, when substituted, is preferably substituted with NR⁴R⁵,        N[(CH₂)₂]₂O, N[(CH₂)₂]₂NR⁴, NR⁴SO₂R⁵, NR⁴C(═O)R⁵, NHC(═O)OR⁴,        NO₂, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, SO₂R⁴, C(═O)R⁴, COOR⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, CN, phenyl, or        heteroaryl. Preferred among the above noted R¹ groups are H and        branched alkyl, and more preferably isopropyl.

Preferred among the above noted R³ groups are halogen, CF₃, OCH₃, andCH₃. Preferred among the above noted X groups are CH₂O, OCH₂,C(R³)═C(R³), and CH₂NHC(═O).

Preferred among the above noted R⁷ groups are CH₃, ethyl, isopropyl,CF₃, CN, and OCH₃.

Preferred among the above noted R⁸ groups are CH3, phenyl, and benzyl.

In one embodiment, X is CH₂O, and Z is aryl or heteroaryl, preferablybicyclic.

A preferred biarylsulfanomide is shown in Formula 2 which follows:

wherein

R1 is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl

Rc is H, Halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl

X is 0, CH₂O or OCH₂; and

Z is at least one aryl or heteroaryl moiety.

When Z is aryl, preferred moieties include substituted phenyl.Substituents for the phenyl group preferably include OH, halogen, C₁-C₆alkoxy, benzoyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkoyl.

When Z is a heteroaryl, preferred moieties include benzyfuranyl,pyridyl, indolyl.

In another embodiment, X is OCH₂, and Z is aryl or heteroaryl,preferably bicyclic.

In a further embodiment, X is C(R³)═C(R³), and Z is aryl or heteroaryl,preferably bicyclic. More preferably, X is a trans carbon-carbon doublebond.

In yet another embodiment, X is C(R³)₂—C(R³)₂, Z is aryl or heteroaryl,preferably bicyclic.

In one embodiment, X is CH₂NHCO, Z is aryl or heteroaryl, preferablybicyclic. When X is carbamate O—CO—NH, Z is preferably aryl orheteroaryl, preferably bicyclic.

In one embodiment X is CO₂, Z is aryl or heteroaryl, preferablybicyclic.

In another embodiment, X is O, Z is aryl or heteroaryl, preferablybicyclic.

In a further embodiment, X is C(═O)CH₂, Z is aryl or heteroaryl,preferably bicyclic.

In one embodiment, X is SO₂CH₂, Z is aryl or heteroaryl, preferablybicyclic.

In one embodiment, X is OCH₂, Z is aryl or heteroaryl, preferablybicyclic. Preferably, if substituted, the substitution is on the secondphenyl ring.

In one embodiment, X is OCH₂, Z is aryl or heteroaryl, preferablybicyclic. Preferably, if substituted, the substitution is on the firstphenyl ring.

In one embodiment, X is CH₂OCH₂, Z is aryl or heteroaryl, preferablybicyclic. Preferably, if substituted, the substitution is on the firstphenyl ring.

The term “alkyl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part ofanother group, refers to a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatichydrocarbon chain and includes, but is not limited to, straight andbranched chains containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6carbon atoms, unless explicitly specified otherwise. For example,methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, i-butyl and t-butyl areencompassed by the term “alkyl.” C1-C6 alkyl includes straight andbranched chain aliphatic groups having from 1 to 6 carbons. Specificallyincluded within the definition of “alkyl” are those aliphatichydrocarbon chains that are optionally substituted.

The carbon number as used in the definitions herein refers to carbonbackbone and carbon branching, but does not include carbon atoms of thesubstituents, such as alkoxy substitutions and the like.

The term “alkenyl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part ofanother group, refers to a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatichydrocarbon chain and includes, but is not limited to, straight andbranched chains having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and containing at least onedouble bond. Preferably, the alkenyl moiety has 1 or 2 double bonds.Such alkenyl moieties may exist in the E or Z conformations and thecompounds of this invention include both conformations. C2-C6 alkenylincludes a 1 to 6 carbon straight or branched chain having at least onecarbon-carbon double bond. Specifically included within the definitionof “alkenyl” are those aliphatic hydrocarbon chains that are optionallysubstituted. Heteroatoms, such as O, S or N-R1, attached to an alkenylshould not be attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to a double bond.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a hydrocarbon moiety containing at leastone carbon-carbon triple bond. C2-C6 alkynyl includes a 1 to 6 carbonstraight or branched chain having at least one carbon-carbon triplebond.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic,fused, bridged, or spiro monovalent saturated hydrocarbon moiety,wherein the carbon atoms are located inside or outside of the ringsystem. Any suitable ring position of the cycloalkyl moiety may becovalently linked to the defined chemical structure. Examples ofcycloalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, chemical groupssuch as cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, cycloheptyl, norbornyl,adamantyl, spiro[4.5]decanyl, and homologs, isomers, and the like. C3-C6cycloalkyl includes monocyclic, saturated rings of 3 to 6 carbons,optionally substituted with R³, or spiro unsaturated hydrocarbon moiety.Examples are cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and cyclohexadiene.

The term “cycloalkenyl” refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic,fused, bridged, or spiro monovalent saturated hydrocarbon moiety,wherein the carbon atoms are located inside or outside of the ringsystem. Any suitable ring position of the cycloalkyl moiety may becovalently linked to the defined chemical structure. Examples ofcycloalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, chemical groupssuch as cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, cycloheptyl, norbornyl,adamantyl, spiro[4.5]decanyl, and homologs, isomers, and the like. C3-C6cycloalkyl includes monocyclic, saturated rings of 3 to 6 carbons,optionally substituted with R³.

“Aryl” refers to an unsaturated cyclic hycrocarbons with one or morerings, and may be fused with a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring at anypossible position. Aryl compounds generally have molecules with the ringstructure characteristic of benzene, naphthalene, or the like.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a 5 to 6 membered aryl heterocyclic ring whichcontains from 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting ofoxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms in the ring and may be fused with acarbocyclic or heterocyclic ring at any possible position. Includingunsaturated hetrocyclics that are not aromatic, such as theinyl, furyl,pyrrolyl and the like.

“Heterocycloalkyl” refers to a 5 to 7-membered saturated ring containingcarbon atoms and from 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S. Theterm “phenyl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part of anothergroup, refers to a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group.

An optionally substituted moiety may be substituted with one or moresubstituents. Suitable optionally substituents may be selectedindependently from H, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, NR⁴R⁵, N[(CH₂)₂]₂O, N[(CH₂)₂]₂NR⁴, NHSO₂R⁴, NR⁴C(═O)R⁵,NHC(═O)OR⁴, NO₂, SO₂NR⁴R⁵, SO₂R⁴, OR⁴, C(═O)R⁴, COOR⁴, CONR⁴R⁵, and CN.

When such moieties are substituted, for example, they may typically bemono-, di-, tri- or persubstituted. Examples for a halogen substituentinclude 1-bromo vinyl, 1-fluoro vinyl, 1,2-difluoro vinyl,2,2-difluorovinyl, 1,2,2-trifluorovinyl, 1,2-dibromo ethane, 1,2difluoro ethane, 1-fluoro-2-bromo ethane, CF₂CF₃, CF₂CF₂CF₃, and thelike.

The term halogen includes bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine.

For the sake of simplicity, connection points (“−”) are not depicted.When an atom or compound is described to define a variable, it isunderstood that it is intended to replace the variable in a manner tosatisfy the valency of the atom or compound. For example, when L isC(R³)═C(R³), both carbon atoms form a part of the ring in order tosatisfy their respective valences.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt”, as used herein, refers tosalts derived form organic and inorganic acids such as, for example,acetic, propionic, lactic, citric, tartaric, succinic, fumaric, maleic,malonic, mandelic, malic, phthalic, hydrochloric, hydrobromic,phosphoric, nitric, sulfuric, methanesulfonic, napthalenesulfonic,benzenesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, camphorsulfonic, and similarly knownacceptable acids when a compound of this invention contains a basicmoiety. Salts may also be formed from organic and inorganic bases,preferably alkali metal salts, for example, sodium, lithium, orpotassium, when a compound of this invention contains a carboxylate orphenolic moiety, or similar moiety capable of forming base additionsalts.

The term “subject”, as used herein, refers to a mammal, preferably ahuman.

The terms “administer”, “administering”, or “administration”, as usedherein, refer to either directly administering a compound or compositionto a patient, or administering a prodrug derivative or analog of thecompound to the patient, which will form an equivalent amount of theactive compound or substance within the patient's body.

The term “carrier”, as used herein, shall encompass carriers,excipients, and diluents.

The compounds of this invention may contain an asymmetric carbon atomand some of the compounds of this invention may contain one or moreasymmetric centers and may thus give rise to optical isomers anddiastereomers. While shown without respect to stereochemistry in formulaI, the present invention includes such optical isomers anddiastereomers; as well as the racemic and resolved, enantiomericallypure R and S stereoisomers; as well as other mixtures of the R and Sstereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Where astereoisomer is preferred, it may in some embodiments be providedsubstantially free of the corresponding enantiomer. Thus, an enantiomersubstantially free of the corresponding enantiomer refers to a compoundthat is isolated or separated via separation techniques or prepared freeof the corresponding enantiomer. “Substantially free”, as used herein,means that the compound is made up of a significantly greater proportionof one stereoisomer, preferably less than about 50%, more preferablyless than about 25%, and even more preferably less than about 10% of thecorresponding enantiomer.

The present invention thus provides pharmaceutical compositionscomprising at least one biaryl sulfonamide compound and one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents.

Examples of such carriers are well known to those skilled in the art andare prepared in accordance with acceptable pharmaceutical procedures,such as, for example, those described in Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, 17th edition, ed. Alfonoso R. Gennaro, Mack PublishingCompany, Easton, Pa. (1985), which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are those that arecompatible with the other ingredients in the formulation andbiologically acceptable.

The compounds of this invention may be administered orally orparenterally, alone or in combination with conventional pharmaceuticalcarriers. Applicable solid carriers can include one or more substanceswhich may also act as flavoring agents, lubricants, solubilizers,suspending agents, fillers, glidants, compression aids, binders ortablet-disintegrating agents or encapsulating materials. They areformulated in conventional manner, for example, in a manner similar tothat used for known antihypertensive agents, diuretics and β-blockingagents. Oral formulations containing the active compounds of thisinvention may comprise any conventionally used oral forms, includingtablets, capsules, buccal forms, troches, lozenges and oral liquids,suspensions or solutions. In powders, the carrier is a finely dividedsolid, which is an admixture with the finely divided active ingredient.In tablets, the active ingredient is mixed with a carrier having thenecessary compression properties in suitable proportions and compactedin the shape and size desired. The powders and tablets preferablycontain up to 99% of the active ingredient.

Capsules may contain mixtures of the active compound(s) with inertfillers and/or diluents such as the pharmaceutically acceptable starches(e.g. corn, potato or tapioca starch), sugars, artificial sweeteningagents, powdered celluloses, such as crystalline and microcrystallinecelluloses, flours, gelatins, gums, and the like.

Useful tablet formulations may be made by conventional compression, wetgranulation or dry granulation methods and utilize pharmaceuticallyacceptable diluents, binding agents, lubricants, disintegrants, surfacemodifying agents (including surfactants), suspending or stabilizingagents, including, but not limited to, magnesium stearate, stearic acid,sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, sugars, lactose, dextrin, starch, gelatin,cellulose, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose calcium,polyvinylpyrrolidine, alginic acid, acacia gum, xanthan gum, sodiumcitrate, complex silicates, calcium carbonate, glycine, sucrose,sorbitol, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, kaolin,mannitol, sodium chloride, low melting waxes and ion exchange resins.Preferred surface modifying agents include nonionic and anionic surfacemodifying agents. Representative examples of surface modifying agentsinclude, but are not limited to, POLOAXEMER 188, a block copolymer ofethylene glycol and propylene glycol, benzalkonium chloride, calciumstearate, cetostearl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitanesters, colliodol silicon dioxide, phosphates, sodium dodecylsulfate,magnesium aluminum silicate, and triethanolamine. Oral formulationsherein may utilize standard delay or time release formulations to alterthe absorption of the active compound(s). The oral formulation may alsoconsist of administering the active ingredient in water or fruit juice,containing appropriate solubilizers or emulisifiers as needed.

Liquid carriers may be used in preparing solutions, suspensions,emulsions, syrups and elixirs. The active ingredient of this inventioncan be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquidcarrier such as water, an organic solvent, a mixture of both orpharmaceutically acceptable oils or fat. The liquid carrier can containother suitable pharmaceutical additives such as solubilizers,emulsifiers, buffers, preservatives, sweeteners, flavoring agents,suspending agents, thickening agents, colors, viscosity regulators,stabilizers or osmo-regulators. Suitable examples of liquid carriers fororal and parenteral administration include water (particularlycontaining additives as above, e.g. cellulose derivatives, preferablysodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution), alcohols (including monohydricalcohols and polyhydric alcohols, e.g. glycols) and their derivatives,and oils (e.g. fractionated coconut oil and arachis oil). For parenteraladministration the carrier can also be an oily ester such as ethyloleate and isopropyl myristate. Sterile liquid carriers are used insterile liquid form compositions for parenteral administration. Theliquid carrier for pressurized compositions can be halogenatedhydrocarbon or other pharmaceutically acceptable propellant.

Liquid pharmaceutical compositions, which are sterile solutions orsuspensions, can be utilized by, for example, intramuscular,intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection. Sterile solutions can also beadministered intravenously. Compositions for oral administration may bein either liquid or solid form.

Preferably the pharmaceutical composition is in unit dosage form, e.g.as tablets, capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, emulsions,granules, or suppositories. In such form, the composition is sub-dividedin unit dose containing appropriate quantities of the active ingredient;the unit dosage forms can be packaged compositions, for example,packeted powders, vials, ampoules, prefilled syringes or sachetscontaining liquids. The unit dosage form can be, for example, a capsuleor tablet itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any suchcompositions in package form. Such unit dosage form may contain fromabout 1 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg, and may given in a single dose or intwo or more divided doses. Such doses may be administered in any manneruseful in directing the active compounds herein to the recipient'sbloodstream, including orally, via implants, parenterally (includingintravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections), rectally,vaginally, and transdermally. Such administrations may be carried outusing the present compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof, in lotions, creams, foams, patches, suspensions, solutions, andsuppositories (rectal and vaginal).

When administered for the treatment or inhibition of a particulardisease state or disorder, it is understood that the effective dosagemay vary depending upon the particular compound utilized, the mode ofadministration, the condition, and severity thereof, of the conditionbeing treated, as well as the various physical factors related to theindividual being treated. In therapeutic application, compounds of thepresent invention are provided to a patient already suffering from adisease in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially amelioratethe symptoms of the disease and its complications. An amount adequate toaccomplish this is defined as a “therapeutically effective amount”. Thedosage to be used in the treatment of a specific case must besubjectively determined by the attending physician. The variablesinvolved include the specific condition and the size, age and responsepattern of the patient.

In some cases it may be desirable to administer the compounds directlyto the airways in the form of an aerosol. For administration byintranasal or intrabrachial inhalation, the compounds of this inventionmay be formulated into an aqueous or partially aqueous solution.

The compounds of this invention may be administered parenterally orintraperitoneally. Solutions or suspensions of these active compounds asa free base or pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared in watersuitably mixed with a surfactant such as hydroxyl-propylcellulose.Dispersions may also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethyleneglycols and mixtures thereof in oils. Under ordinary conditions ofstorage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to inhibitthe growth of microorganisms.

The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterileaqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for theextemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions ordispersions. In all cases, the form must be sterile and must be fluid tothe extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under theconditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against thecontaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Thecarrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example,water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol and liquidpolyethylene glycol), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.

The compounds of this invention can be administered transdermallythrough the use of a transdermal patch. For the purposes of thisdisclosure, transdermal administrations are understood to include alladministrations across the surface of the body and the inner linings ofbodily passages including epithelial and mucosal tissues. Suchadministrations may be carried out using the present compounds, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in lotions, creams, foams,patches, suspensions, solutions, and suppositories (rectal and vaginal).

Transdermal administration may be accomplished through the use of atransdermal patch containing the active compound and a carrier that isinert to the active compound, is non-toxic to the skin, and allowsdelivery of the agent for systemic absorption into the blood stream viathe skin. The carrier may take any number of forms such as creams andointments, pastes, gels and occlusive devices. The creams and ointmentsmay be viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions of either the oil-in-wateror water-in-oil type. Pastes comprised of absorptive powders dispersedin petroleum or hydrophilic petroleum containing the active ingredientmay also be suitable. A variety of occlusive devices may be used torelease the active ingredient into the blood stream, such as asemi-permeable membrane covering a reservoir containing the activeingredient with or without a carrier, or a matrix containing the activeingredient. Other occlusive devices are known in the literature.

The compounds of this invention may be administered rectally orvaginally in the form of a conventional suppository. Suppositoryformulations may be made from traditional materials, including cocoabutter, with or without the addition of waxes to alter the suppository'smelting point, and glycerin. Water soluble suppository bases, such aspolyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, may also be used.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to prodrugs ofbiaryl sulfonamide compounds. Various forms of prodrugs are known in theart, for example, as discussed in, for example, Bundgaard, (ed.), Designof Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985); Widder, et al. (ed.), Methods inEnzymology, vol. 4, Academic Press (1985); Krogsgaard-Larsen, et al.(ed.), “Design and Application of Prodrugs”, Textbook of Drug Design andDevelopment, Chapter 5, 113-191 (1991), Bundgaard, et al., Journal ofDrug Deliver reviews, 8:1-38 (1992), Bundgaard, J. of PharmaceuticalSciences, 77:285 et seq. (1988); and Higuchi and Stella (eds.) Prodrugsas Novel Drug Delivery Systems, American Chemical Society (1975), eachof which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

It is understood that the dosage, regimen and mode of administration ofthe compounds of the invention will vary according to the malady and theindividual being treated and will be subject to the judgment of themedical practitioner involved. It is preferred that the administrationof one or more of the compounds herein begin at a low dose and beincreased until the desired effects are achieved.

The compounds of the current invention were prepared according to thefollowing general synthetic scheme from commercially available startingmaterials, materials prepared as described in literature procedures, ornew intermediates described in the schemes and experimental procedures.This general scheme covers most of the examples. For more detailedinformation, please refer to the schemes in the Examples section below.

Bases used here are triethylamine, potassium carbonate, NaH, Hunig base,etc. Coupling was generally concluded by Suzuki coupling or Stillecoupling. Hydrolysis was carried out using TFA, NaOH, LiOH, K₂CO3, etc.

More specific synthetic routes to many of the compounds of the inventionare included in the following Schemes. It is understood by those skilledin the art that protection and deprotection steps not shown in theSchemes may be required for these syntheses, and that the order of stepsmay be changed to accommodate functionality in the target molecules.

In Scheme I the compounds of the invention, 1, are prepared in 4 steps.Sulfonylation of valine methyl ester with 4-bromo-benzenesulfonylchloride was carried out in the presence of Hunig base to givesulfonamide Intermediate 1. This 4-bromo-benzenesulfonamide wasfurthered coupled with boronate ester using Palladium catalyst underSuzuki coupling condition to provide biphenyl sulfonamide Intermediate2. Biphenyl sulfonamide Intermediate 2 was then alkylated with variousalkylating reagents to provide biphenyl sulfonamide ester (Intermediate3). Hydrolysis of Intermediate 3 was carried out using bases such asNaOH, or LiOH to form the final product 1.

An alternative route to compounds I is shown in Scheme 2. Phenolderivative was converted to pinacolborane (Intermediate 4) under basiccondition in DMF. Pinacolborane was then coupled with4-bromo-benzenesulfonamide under Suzuki condition to provide biphenylsulfonamide Intermediate 5, which was hydrolyzed to final product underbasic conditions.

A third option to make compounds of the invention, 1, are carried outbased on Scheme 3. The synthetic sequence in Scheme 3 is similar to thatin Scheme 1 but using a different starting material, valine tert-butylester. Therefore, the final step to form the product 1 was carried outby using TFA to deprotect the tert-butyl ester group of Intermediate 8.

A slight modification of Scheme 3 can be made to produce the compoundsof invention 1. This is illustrated in Scheme 4A. In this case, boronateesters with suitable ether moiety are purchased from a commercial sourceand used for Suzuki coupling to provide Intermediate 8. TFA deprotectionof tert-butyl ester from Intermediate 8 resulted the desired finalproduct 1.

Compounds of the invention 1, can also be made by hydrolysis of asuitable ester, such as Intermediate 10.

Scheme 4B features an alkylation, a Suzuki coupling and a deprotectionstep as follows.

Alkylation: The phenol derivative (4.14 mmol) is dissolved in methanol(6 mL) and treated with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (4.14 mmol.) Themixture is stirred for 10 minutes, and the solvent is removed underreduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in THF (10 mL) and treatedwith a solution of the benzylic bromide (4.14 mmol) in THF (5 mL.) Thereaction is stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent isremoved under reduced pressure and redissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL)and ether (50 mL.) The organic solution is washed with water (4×50 mL)and saturated sodium chloride solution (50 mL,) and dried over magnesiumsulfate. The organic solution is filtered and concentrated under reducedpressure. The crude material is purified by flash silica gelchromatography to yield the purified product in 53% yield, which isIntermediate 4 a boronate ester.

Suzuki Coupling The boronate ester (1.07 mmol) and aryl bromide (1.07mmol) are dissolved in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (10 mL) and theresulting solution is treated withtetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.054 mmol.) A solution ofpotassium carbonate (2.14 mmol) in water (3.5 mL) is added, and thereaction is heated to reflux for 1 h. The reaction is cooled, filteredto remove solids, diluted with water (10 mL) and concentrated underreduced pressure. The residue is extracted with dichloromethane (3×25mL) and the organic layers are washed with water (25 mL) and saturatedsodium chloride solution (25 mL). The organic solution is dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by flash silica gel chromatography furnishes the productIntermediate 10, a (triemthylsilyl)ethyl ester of the desired product,in 57% yield. In some cases, PdCl2(dppf) was used as the catalystinstead of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0).

Deprotection with MgBr₂: The 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl ester (0.0621 mmol)is dissolved in dichloromethane (58 mL) and treated with magnesiumbromide etherate (0.186 mmol). The mixture is stirred vigorouslyovernight or until reaction is complete and then shaken with 10% HCl(3×25 mL) and saturated sodium chloride solution (25 mL). The organicsolution is then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentratedunder reduced pressure to yield the product in 95% yield. The crudeproduct could be purified by HPLC when required.

As shown in Scheme 4C Suzuki coupling can be carried out on free acidwith boronate ester. Therefore, hydrolysis of the esters (as inIntermediate 10) is avoided. This results in direct preparation ofcompounds I.

Suzuki coupling with free acid: The boronate ester (1.36 mmol) andbromoacid (1.36 mmol) are dissolved in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether(13.8 mL) and the resulting solution is treated withtetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.068 mmol). After stirring atroom temperature for 10 minutes, a solution of potassium carbonate (4.08mmol) in water (4.8 mL) are added. The solution is heated to reflux for2 h, and then allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. The mixtureis concentrated to an aqueous residue under reduced pressure and ethylacetate (50 mL) is added. The organic mixture is washed with 10% HCl(2×25 mL) and saturated sodium chloride (25 mL). The organic solution isdried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to a cruderesidue, which is purified using flash silica gel chromatography toobtain the product in 64% yield.

In Scheme 5 the compounds of the invention, 2, are prepared in 3 steps.Boronate ester (Intermediate 11) is prepared by alkylation under basiccondition. Intermediate 11 thus obtained can be easily coupled with4-bromo-benzenesulfonamide derivative to provide biphenyl sulfonamideanalog (Intermediate 12).

The ester functional group in Intermediate 12 can be hydrolyzed undervarious conditions to yield the desired biphenyl sulfonamide product 2.

Alternate route to provide compounds, 2, is shown in Scheme 6. Startingmaterial 4-hydroxybiphenyl sulfonamide derivative was readily availablethrough Suzuki coupling. Alkylation of 4-hydroxybiphenyl sulfonamideunder basic condition provides biphenyl sulfonamide ester Intermediate13 with an ether linker. Hydrolysis of ester (Intermediate 13) usingaqueous NaOH provides the desired product of the invention, 2.

Deprotection of esters, such as methyl esters, shown in Scheme 6 can beconducted employing the route shown in Scheme 6A.

Intermediate 13A methyl ester, (0.294 mmol) was dissolved in THF:MeOH(2:1)(2 mL) and 1M LiOH (0.881 mmol) was added. The reaction mix wasstirred for 3 days. The solvent was removed and the remaining whitesolid was dissolved in H₂O. The H₂O was extracted with ether. The etherlayer was removed and the aqueous layer was acidified to pH 2 with HCl(conc.) forming a cloudy solution. This solution was extracted withCH₂Cl₂. The resulting aqueous layer was removed and the remainingorganic layer was washed with brine. The solvent was removed and theremaining solid was dissolved in minimal CH₂Cl₂ and then hexane wasadded thus precipitating a white solid. The solid was filtered and driedat reduced pressure to provide the desired product.

Compounds of the invention, 3, are prepared based on Synthesis Scheme 7.4-Vinylphenylboronic acid and 4-bromobenzene sulfonamide derivative werereacted via Suzuki coupling catalyzed by palladium catalyst to provideIntermediate 14. Heck reaction of Intermediate 14 with aryl halidegenerated Intermediate 15. Intermediate 15 is a biphenyl sulfonamidederivative with a double bond as a linker connected to an aryl ring.Regular TFA deprotection of the tert-butyl ester of Intermediate 15provides desired product 3 in high yield.

Scheme 8 shows the a multiple step synthesis leading to the compounds ofinvention, 4. A regular Suzuki coupling followed by the alkylation withtriflic anhydride furnishes triflate Intermediate 16. TriflateIntermediate 16 was converted into alkynylation product 17 through aSonagoshira reaction. TBDMS protecting group in 17 was removed by TBAFfollowed by another Sonagoshira reaction to provide Intermediate 18 witha triple bond linking the biphenyl group with aryl moiety. Intermediate18 was then reduced by hydrogenation then TFA deprotection removed theester group to give the desired product 4.

Routes to compounds of structure 5 are shown in Scheme 9. 4-aminomethylphenyl boronic acid was used for Suzuki coupling to produce theIntermediate 19. Acylation of Intermediate 19 with acetic anhydride,followed by the TFA deprotection provided compounds with structure 5.

An alternate route to make structures of 5 is presented in Scheme 10.Intermediate 21 was formed by EDCL coupling of 4-bromophenylacetic acidwith phenylamine in DMF. Stille coupling of Intermediate 21 withcorresponding tin reagent followed by TFA deprotection provided product5.

In Scheme 11 the compounds of the invention, 6, are prepared by reacting4-hydroxybiphenyl sulfonamide derivative with an isocyanate in thepresence of triethylamine. Carbamate (Intermediate 24) thus obtained wastreated with TFA to remove the tert-butyl ester protectin group toprovide compounds 6.

An alternate route to make compounds 6 is shown in Scheme 12 using4-hydroxybiphenyl sulfonamide free acid to react with isocyanate in thepresence of triethylamine. Compounds 6 are obtained thereby directly,without a deprotection step.

Routes to compounds of structure 7 are shown in Scheme 13. Intermediate23 was coupled with carboxylic acid using DCC reagent to provide ester24. Intermediate 24 was treated with TFA to selectively remove thetert-butyl group to provide compound 7.

In Scheme 14, the compounds of the invention, 8, are prepared fromIntermediate 23 by alkylation followed by the deprotection (removal ofprotectin tert-butyl group) with TFA.

In Scheme 15 the compounds of the invention, 9, are prepared in amultiple step synthesis. Intermediate 26 was prepared based on knownliterature procedure. Stille coupling followed by TFA deprotectionprovided the desired product 9.

Routes to compounds of structure 10 are shown in Scheme 16. Intermediate28 (2-[1,2,3]thiazol-4-yl-phenol) was prepared according to literatureprocedure. Alkylation with benzyl bromide derivative followed bycondensation resulted in thioether intermediate 29. Suzuki coupling of29 with 4-bromobenzene sulfonamide generated Intermediate 30. Oxidationwith mCPBA followed by hydrolysis provided compound 10.

Removal of t-butyl ester protecting group with TFA

The t-butyl ester protected biphenylsulfonamide (0.505 mmol) wasdissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL). TFA (2.5 mL) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5mL), and this was slowly added to the dissolved ester and stirred for1.5 h. The solvent was removed at reduced pressure and the remaining oildissolved in toluene, and the toluene removed. Finally, the oil wasdissolved in a minimal amount of CH₂Cl₂ and hexane was added toprecipitate a white solid. Solvent was removed at reduced pressure, and,after vacuum pump drying, a solid dried to give a 98% yield.

The present invention further relates to methods of identifying agentsuseful for the treatment of osteoarthritis. The methods of identifyingagents useful for the treatment of osteoarthritis comprise determiningwhether a particular agent has ADAMTS-5-specific aggrecanase inhibitoryactivity. The methods may also comprise using ADAMTS-5 transgenicanimals to determine whether a potential agent useful for the treatmentof osteoarthritis is effective in an animal having ADAMTS-5 activity butis not effective in an animal not exhibiting ADAMTS-5 activity.

As further described in the Examples below, the ADAMTS-5 gene allele isfunctionally disrupted in a cell by homozygous recombination between theallele and a mutant ADAMTS-5 gene, or a portion thereof. The cell can bea differentiated cell type that normally expresses ADAMTS-5, such as amacrophage or monocyte, or a macrophage-like or monocyte-like cell line.Alternatively, the cell can be a pluripotent progenitor cell that candevelop into an animal, such as an embryonic stem cell. In a preferredembodiment, an embryonic stem cell is used. The embryonic stem cell canbe introduced into a blastocyst and the blastocyst introduced into apseudopregnant animal to produce an animal having somatic and germ cellsin which an ADAMTS-5 gene allele is functionally disrupted. Such ananimal is a “homologous recombinant” animal. A preferred homologousrecombinant animal of the invention is a mouse. Mice are a preferredanimal because they are more easily utilized for laboratory studies andbecause they provide an art recognized model, as further described inthe Examples below. However, any animal may be used, including, but notlimited to, pigs, cows, sheep, goats, and other animals. In aparticularly preferred embodiment, the animal is an inbred mouse.

To create a homologous recombinant cell or animal, a targeting vectorcan be prepared which contains DNA encoding an ADAMTS-5 protein, or aportion thereof, having a mutation introduced therein. The targetingvector may include a nonhomologous ADAMTS-5 replacement portion, whichpreferably includes Cre/Lox-P sites; a first homology region locatedupstream of the nonhomologous portion which has substantial identity toa first ADAMTS-5 gene sequence; and a second homology region locateddownstream of the nonhomologous portion which has substantial identityto a second ADAMTS-5 gene sequence. As used herein, “substantialidentity” is intended to describe a nucleotide sequence havingsufficient homology to an ADAMTS-5 gene to allow for homologousrecombination between the nucleotide sequence and an endogenous sequenceto allow for homologous recombination between the nucleotide sequenceand the endogenous ADAMTS sequence in a host cell. Typically, thenucleotide sequences of the flanking homology regions are from about 80%to about 100% identical to the endogenous sequences. In a particularlypreferred embodiment, they are 100% identical. The homology regions arealso of sufficient length to allow for homologous recombination with theendogenous gene in a host cell, i.e., at least 1 kilobase in length, andmore preferably at least several kilobases in length.

The targeting vector may further include positive and negative selectioncassettes. These cassettes include nucleotide sequences encodingpositive and negative selection markers operatively linked to regulatoryelements that control expression of the selection marker.

To functionally disrupt an endogenous ADAMTS-5 gene allele in a hostcell, a targeting vector is introduced into the host cell, e.g., adifferentiated cell or an embryonic stem cell. The targeting vector maybe introduced into the cell by any technique known in the art,including, but not limited to, calcium phosphate precipitation,DEAE-dextran transfection, microinjection, lipofection, electroporationand the like. After introduction of the vector into the host cell, thecell is cultured for a period of time and under conditions sufficient toallow for homologous recombination between the introduced targetingvector and the endogenous ADAMTS-5 gene. Host cells are selected (e.g.by positive and/or negative selection) and screened for homologousrecombination at the endogenous ADAMTS-5 gene locus by standardtechniques known in the art (e.g. Southern hybridizations or PCR usingprobes/primers which distinguish the normal endogenous allele from thehomologous recombinant allele.)

To create a homologous recombinant animal, an embryonic cell having atleast one ADAMTS-5 gene allele functionally disrupted is introduced intoa blastocyst, the blastocyst is implanted into a pseudopregnant fostermother, and the embryo is allowed to develop to term. The resultantanimal is a chimera having cells descendent from the embryonic stemcell. Chimeric animals in which the embryonic stem cell has contributedto the germ cells of the animal can be mated with WT animals to produceanimals heterozygous for the ADAMTS-5 gene disruption in all somatic andgerm cells. The heterozygous animals can then be mated to create animalshomozygous for the ADAMTS-5 gene disruption (i.e. having both ADAMTS-5gene alleles functionally disrupted). Any sort of mutation may beintroduced into a transgenic animal, including null mutations and pointmutations. A point mutation may result in normal expression of theADAMTS-5 gene product but the product may have aberrant activity, e.g.it may not have aggrecanase activity.

In addition, cells from the animal homozygous for the ADAMTS-5 genedisruption can be isolated from the animals and cultured in vitro forvarious studies, including for screening assays.

ADAMTS-5 transgenic animals and cells derived therefrom are useful aspositive controls by which to evaluate the efficacy of ADAMTS-5inhibitors. The homozygous and heterozygous animals provide suchstandards. In a screening assay to identify and assess the efficacy ofADAMTS-5 inhibitors, a WT animal (or cells derived therefrom) nottreated with inhibitor is used as the 0% inhibition standard, an animalhomozygous for an ADAMTS-5 disruption is used as the 100% inhibitionstandard, while an animal heterozygous for an ADAMTS-5 gene disruptionis used as standard for less than 100% inhibition but more than 0%inhibition. The amount of ADAMTS-5 activity in a subject treated with anADAMTS-5 inhibitor is then assessed relative to these standards. Theinhibition may be measured by the % inhibition of aggrecanase activityor the % reduction in osteoarthritic symptoms.

The transgenic animals and cells derived therefrom also can be used toscreen ADAMTS-5 inhibitors for side effects or toxicity resulting fromthe inhibitor's action on a target(s) other than ADAMTS-5 (e.g. ADAMTS-5isoforms or ADAMTS-4). For example, an ADAMTS-5 inhibitor may beadministered to an ADAMTS-5 animal of the invention to evaluate sideeffects or toxicity of the inhibitor. Because the ADAMTS-5 transgenicanimal lacks the normal target for the inhibitor, an effect observedupon administration of the inhibitor to the ADAMTS-5 null mutant can beattributed to a side effect of the ADAMTS-5 inhibitor on othertarget(s). Accordingly, ADAMTS-5 transgenic animals are useful fordistinguishing these side effects from the direct effects of theinhibitor on ADAMTS-5 activity.

The transgenic animals may also be used for in vivo screening assays toidentify diseases in which ADAMTS-5 plays a role in the pathogenesis ofthe disease condition. Such screening assays are further useful foridentifying other diseases that may be treated with ADAMTS-5 inhibitors.For example, the transgenic animals may be useful in evaluating the roleof ADAMTS-5 in other disorders in which extracellular proteindegradation or destruction occurs, such as cancer, asthma, chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (“CODP”), atherosclerosis, age-relatedmacular degeneration, myocardial infarction, corneal ulceration andother ocular surface diseases, hepatitis, aortic aneurysms, tendonitis,central nervous system diseases, abnormal would healing, angiogenesis,restenosis, cirrhosis, multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis, graftversus host disease, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, shock,invertebral disc degeneration, stroke, osteopenia, rheumatoid arthritisand other forms of arthritis, and periodontal disease. A stimulus may beadministered to the transgenic animals of the invention to induce thedisease condition, as further described below in the Examples forosteoarthritis. Alternatively the transgenic animals of the inventionmay be bred with an animal genetically prone to a particular disease,Following induction of the disease in the ADAMTS-4 or ADAMTS-5 nullmutant animal, the susceptibility or resistance of the animal to thedisease condition is determined. Resistance of the animal to the diseasecondition, relative to WT, is indicative that the pathology of thedisease condition involves the action of ADAMTS-4 or ADAMTS-5, and thusthe disease condition is treatable with an inhibitor of ADAMTS-4 orADAMTS-5, respectively. As an example of this utility, Example 1 belowand FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B demonstrate that homozygous and heterozygousADAMTS-5 transgenic animals are resistant to induced osteoarthritis.

ADAMTS-5 transgenic animals homozygous ADAMTS-5 null mutation, or a cellderived therefrom, can be reconstituted with a human equivalent of thegene to create a nonhuman cell or animal that expresses a human ADAMTS-5gene product. These cells and animals can be used to screen compounds toidentify agents that inhibit the activity of human ADAMTS-5, either incultured cells or in vivo. Such animals and cells can be made bytechniques well known to the skilled artisan. A nonhuman animal havingcells expressing human ADAMTS-5 polypeptide, and/or cells derivedtherefrom, can be used to screen and identify agents that can inhibithuman ADAMTS-5 in vivo.

ADAMTS-5 transgenic animals are also useful to determine whether aparticular substance is a substrate for ADAMTS-5. ADAMTS-5 aremetalloproteinases having aggrecanase activity. To assess whether aprecursor form of a putative substrate is cleaved by ADAMTS-5, thepresence or absence of cleaved product in the ADAMTS-5 animals may beassessed. The cleaved product will be substantially reduced or absent inthe transgenic animals.

The following examples are offered to illustrate, but not to limit thepresent invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Materials and Methods Generation of ADAMTS5 KO Mice

ADAMTS-5 KO mice used in these studies were generated from inbred129SvEvBrd mice carrying a Cre/LoxP type conditional KO allele of theADAMTS5 gene (Lexicon Genetics, The Woodlands, Tex.). The conditionalallele contained LoxP sites flanking exon 3 so that Cre recombinationresulted in deletion of exon 3, which encodes the majority of the enzymeactive site, as shown in FIG. 1A. In FIG. 1A, exons 2, 3 and 4 arepresented in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2 and 3,respectively.

Mice carrying the ADAMTS-5 conditional KO allele were created byhomologous recombination in ES cells followed by blastocyst injection togenerate chimeric mice. The ADAMTS-5 KO mouse line was produced bycrossing conditional KO mice with Protamine-Cre transgenic mice(provided by Lexicon Genetics) which resulted in Cre mediated deletionof exon 3 in the sperm of male offspring carrying both the mutantADAMTS-5 and Prot-Cre alleles, as shown in FIG. 1B.

Genotyping for ADAMTS5 WT, Conditional KO and KO Alleles

Genotyping for alleles of the ADAMTS-5 gene was performed by PCR usingDNA template from crude proteinase K digest of tail biopsies. The wildtype and heterozygous KO alleles were identified by PCR using a forwardprimer of the sequence (5′TGT TCA CCC AAA GCA ACT AC3′) (primer 1, SEQID NO:4) and a reverse primer of the sequence (5′TAG AGG AGA GGA GAG GAGG3′) (primer 2, SEQ ID NO:5). These primers flanked the insertion siteof the (5′) LoxP site producing a 230 bp amplicon in the WT andheterozygous animals and no amplicon in the KO animals (FIGS. 1B, C).The knockout allele was identified using the forward primer (5′GTG AACCAC ATG GAC TTT GG3′) (primer 3, SEQ ID NO:6) and the reverse primer(5′TCG TAG CAA ACA CCC ACC TG3′) (primer 4, SEQ ID NO:7) resulting in a500 bp PCR product of the exon 3 deleted (KO) allele (FIGS. 1B,C).

Preparation of RNA for RT-PCR:

Total RNA was prepared from WT and KO mice spleen using the RNAeasy kit(Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions.The quality of the RNA samples were confirmed in an RNA 6000 Nano assayusing a Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, Calif.). PCRprimers were designed and synthesized (BioSource International,Camarillo, Calif.) as follows:

Primer 5, 5′CGACCCTCAAGAACTTTTGC3′; SEQ ID NO:8 Primer 6,5′CTCAGGCCCAAATGTCAAGT3′; SEQ ID NO:9 Primer 7,5′CGTCATGAGAAAGGCCAAGT3′;. SEQ ID NO:10RT-PCR was performed by using Qiagen OneStep RT-PCR kit with a 600 nMconcentration of each primer and 200 ng of total RNA in a DNA EngineDyad thermal cycler (MJ Research, Waltham, Mass.). The RT-PCR was runfor 30 min at 50° C., 15 min at 95° C., and 35 cycles of 15 seconds at95° C., 1 min at 59° C., and 30 seconds at 72° C. The RT-PCR primers areshown in FIG. 1D and the RT-PCR products are shown in FIGS. 1E and 1F.Using primers 5 and 6, FIG. 1E shows that the mRNA of the WT is 506 bpand the KO is 338 bp. Using primers 5, 4 and 7, FIG. 1F shows that themRNA of the WT is 258 bp and there is no product, as expected, in the KObecause primer 7 is located in exon 3 which is deleted in the KO.

Histology and Pathologic Assessment of Young and Aged Mice:

Complete necropsies were performed on 22 WT and 20 ADAMTS-5 KO males at18 weeks of age. Necropsies included macroscopic observations, body andorgan weights, hematology, complete serum chemistry and microscopicexamination of brain, joints, heart, lungs, thymus, spleen, liver,kidneys, salivary glands, mandibular lymph nodes, testes, epididymides,eyes, harderian glands, lacrimal glands, sternum, and humerus. Alltissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, decalcified ifmineralized, routinely processed, paraffin-embedded and prepared asroutine hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. All slides wereevaluated by a board-certified veterinary pathologist (BS) for presenceor absence of pathologic lesions.

Surgical Induction of Osteoarthritis:

All studies were performed with approval of the Wyeth InstitutionalAnimal Care and Use committee. Surgical induction of osteoarthritis inmice is an art recognized model for the study of osteoarthritis.Accordingly, ten week old mice were anesthetized with 250 mg/kgintraperitoneal tribromoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.), andknees were prepared for aseptic surgery. A medial para-patellar incisionwas made to expose and transect the meniscotibial ligament (anchoringthe medial meniscus to the tibial plateau), resulting in destabilizationof the medial meniscus (DMM). The joint capsule and subcutaneous layerwere sutured closed with 8-0 and 9-0 Vicryl (Ethicon, Inc. Somerville,N.J.) respectively, and the skin closed with Nexaband®S/C tissueadhesive (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill.). Buprenorphine(Buprenex, Reckitt and Coleman Products, Hull, England) was provided at0.03 mg/kg pre- and post-operatively. Four weeks after DMM surgery, 19WT and 19 KO mice were sacrificed by carbon dioxide. Eight weeks aftersurgery, 33 WT, 20 heterozygous, and 28 homozygous KO mice weresacrificed. A small subset of animals underwent sham surgery todetermine the effect of inflammation secondary to arthrotomy on diseaseprogression. Histologic scores of animals 4 or 8 weeks following shamsurgery were not statistically different than animals that did notundergo any surgery.

Assessment of Progression and Severity of Osteoarthritis.

Intact knee joints were placed into 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 hours,then decalcified in 20% EDTA for 5 days. Joints were embedded inparaffin and 6 μm frontal sections taken through the entire joint.Slides were stained with Safranin-O/Fast green and graded at 70 μmintervals through the joint by three blinded, independent scorers. Thesemi-quantitative scoring system was modified from Chambers et al.(Chambers et al, 2001, Arthritis & Rhuem 44:1455) where 0 representsnormal cartilage; 0.5 is loss of Safranin-O without structural changes;1 represents roughened articular surface and small fibrillations; 2represents fibrillation down to the layer immediately below thesuperficial layer and some loss of surface lamina; 3 is mild (<20%), 5is moderate (20-80%) and 6 is severe (>80%) loss of non-calcifiedcartilage. All quadrants of the joint (medial tibial plateau (MTP),medial femoral condyle, lateral tibial plateau, and lateral femoralcondyle) were scored separately. Approximately 12 levels were scored foreach knee joint, with scoring continuing until articular cartilage wasno longer observed in any quadrant. Scores were expressed as the maximumhistologic score found from all levels of the entire joint, as shown inFIG. 3A. Scores were added from all levels of all four quadrants toobtain the summed histologic score, as shown in FIG. 3B, to reflect OAlesion severity as well the surface area affected.

In order to compare the results with those published results examiningthe progression of osteoarthritis in IL-1β, IL-1βr, INOS, and ICE KOmice (Clements et al., 2003, Arthritis & Rhuem 48:3452) the results asmean scores of the medial tibial plateau of each experimental group werealso expressed. FIG. 4 shows that these scores also were significantlyreduced in the ADAMTS-5 homozygous and heterozygous KO animals.

Preparation and Culture of Cartilage Explants:

Femoral heads were harvested from 4 week old WT and KO mice, and thecartilage was separated from the underlying subchondral bone. Cartilagesamples were cultured as explants at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphereof 5% CO₂ and 95% air in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)containing 1% antimycotic-antibiotic (Sigma, Aldrich), 2 mM glutamine,10 mM Hepes, 50 mg/ml of ascorbate and 10% FBS for 48 hours. Explantswere then washed 3 times and cultured for an additional 72 hours inserum-free DMEM+10 ng mouseIL-1α/ml (Sigma, Aldrich) and 10⁻⁵ M retinoicacid (Sigma, Aldrich). Conditioned media was collected and cartilageharvested at the end of the culture period.

Quantitation of Proteoglycan

The proteoglycan content in the medium was measured as sulphatedglucosaminoglycan (GAG) by a colorimetric assay using dimethylmethyleneblue (DMMB) and chondroitin sulphate C from shark cartilage (Sigma,Aldrich) as a standard according to a previously reported procedure(Farndale et al., 1986, Biochim Biophys Acta 883:173). Harvestedcartilage samples were digested with proteinase K (Sigma, Aldrich) for16 h, centrifuged and supernatant collected. Proteoglycan content in thedigested cartilage was also measured to provide the total proteoglycancontent in the cartilage and enable calculation of percent release ofproteoglycan during the experimental protocol.

Western Analysis

Aggrecan fragments in conditioned medium were analyzed by westernanalysis using neoepitope antibodies designed to recognizeaggrecanase-generated fragments. Conditioned medium was dialyzed against50 mM Tris-acetate (pH 6.5) and digested with Chondroitinase ABC (Sigma;1 mU/μg of GAG), Keratinase I (Seikagaku America, Falmouth, Mass.; 1mU/μg GAG) and Keratinase II (Seikagaku; 0.02 mU/μg GAG) for 2 h at 37°C. Samples were concentrated by YM-10 centrifugal filter device(Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.), lyophilized and reconstituted withwater at a concentration of 1 mg/ml of GAG as measured by DMMB. Equalamount of GAG for each sample was separated under reducing conditions on4-12% gradient Tris-glycine gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) andtransferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Immunoblotting was performedusing monoclonal antibody (MAb) AGG-C1 (0.04 μg/ml) (Collins-Racie etal., 2004, Matrix Biol. 23:219-230) recognizing theaggrecanase-generated C-terminal interglobular neoepitope NITEGE³⁷³.Incubation with primary and alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated secondarygoat anti-mouse IgG (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.; 1:7500) was performedovernight at 4° C. and at room temperature for 1 h, respectively. Theimmunoblots were incubated with NBT/BCIP substrate (Promega) at roomtemperature for 2-15 minutes to achieve optimum color development.

Immunohistochemical Identification of TEGE³⁷³ Neoepitope in MurineArticular Cartilage

The polyclonal antibody TEGE³⁷³ was synthesized by standard polyclonalantibody technology (Glasson et al., 2004, Arthritis & Rheum.50:2547-2558.). The antibody reacted with G1-TEGE³⁷³ generated byADAMTS-4 digestion of bovine aggrecan, but did not react with intact(undigested) aggrecan validating it as a “neoepitope” antibody. Positiveserum was purified by affinity chromatography using the immunizingpeptide.

For immunostaining of TEGE³⁷³ neoepitope in murine articular cartilage,femoral heads from ADAMTS-4 KO, ADAMTS-5 KO and WT animals wereharvested after 3 days of tissue culture in the presence or absence of10 ng IL-1α/ml [is this γ or α] (Sigma) and 10-5 M retinoic acid(Sigma). Tissues were frozen in OCT and 5 micron sections were cut.Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with hydrogen peroxidase(DakoCytomation, Carpinteria, Calif.) and the sections weredeglycosylated with 0.1 U Chondroitinase ABC/ml (Sigma), 0.1 Ukeratanase I/ml (Seikagaku Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and 0.1 U KeratinaseII/ml (Seikagaku Corp., Tokyo, Japan) for 1 hour at 37° C. Primaryantibody or normal rabbit serum was added to sections for 12 hours, andsecondary antibody (donkey anti-rabbit, Rockland, Inc, GilbertsvillePa.) was added for 30 minutes. Sections were incubated withABC-peroxidase followed by DAB substrate (Vector Laboratories,Burlingame, Calif.). The sections were counterstained with hematoxylin.

Example 2 Results and Discussion

The ADAMT-4 knock out (KO) was generated (Glasson et al., 2004,Arthritis & Rheum. 50:2547-2558.). As detailed above, the ADAMTS-5 KOwas created by Cre-Lox mediated recombination resulting in deletion of56 amino acids encoded by exon 3, including disruption of the zincbinding site and the deletion of the “met turn” (FIG. 1A). PCR productsfrom WT and heterozygous mice using primers 1 and 2 generated a 230 bpproduct. Primer 2 was located within the deleted portion encompassingexon 3 and therefore did not generate a PCR product in the homozygous KOanimals. Primers 3 and 4 generated a 500 bp product in the heterozygousand homozygous KO animals doe to deletion of exon 3. The use of twoforward primers (1 and 3) was required for optimal amplification withrespect to the reverse primers (2 and 4). Because of differences inamplification efficiency between long and short amplicons, the use ofshort, allele-specific amplicons provided superior reliability ofgenotyping as compared to the use of one short (deletion) amplicon andone long (wt) amplicon generated from a single primer pair (i.e. 3 and4). FIG. 1E shows RT-PCR from spleen total RNA demonstrated mRNAgenerated by PCR products made from primers spanning exon 3 reduced insize in the KO. The presence of mRNA indicates that this in-framedeletion did not cause instability of the message. Presence of atranslated protein lacking the catalytic domain could not be confirmed.

Male and female WT and homozygous KO mice were allowed to age for 14-18weeks. Animals were examined for any gross abnormality, blood sampleswere drawn for complete blood count and serum chemistry, and 17 tissueswere harvested and examined by a board certified veterinary pathologist(BS). Tissues examined included heart, lung, thymus, spleen, liver,kidney, brain, salivary glands, mandibular lymph node, testis,epididymis, eye, harderian gland, lacrimal gland, whole sternum, femur,and whole paw. There were no abnormalities in total body weight, anyblood or serum analysis or histologic appearance of any tissue examinedindicating activity of the ADAMTS-5 enzyme was not required for normaldevelopment and growth.

Aggrecan is a plentiful component of cartilage within the growth plateas well as the articular cartilage of the joints. FIG. 2 shows ananalysis of growth plates from WT, ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 KO animals byimmunostaining of the proximal tibial growth plates with a polyclonalantibody raised against the new C terminus of aggrecan after cleavage byaggrecanases, G1-TEGE³⁷³.

As shown in FIG. 2, WT mice demonstrated significant hybridization ofthe antibody within the cells of the proximal tibial growth plate, andthis staining was no longer present in the ADAMTS-4 KO animals. Incontrast, hybridization of the anti-TEGE³⁷³ antibody within the growthplate of the ADAMTS-5 KO mice resembled closely the staining of the WTgrowth plates. These results suggest that aggrecan turnover in thegrowth plate is a result of enzymatic activity of ADAMTS-4 and notADAMTS-5. It is notable that the gross appearance of the animals, lengthof long bones and histologic appearance of the growth plates in both KOanimals were identical to the WT. It is therefore likely that anyaggrecan degrading activity attributed to ADAMTS-4 in the growth platecan be compensated for adequately by other enzymes in the absence ofADAMTS-4.

As described in detail in Example 1 above, unilateral joint instabilitywas generated by surgical transection of the anterior menisco-tibialligament resulting in destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM), thedata are represented in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B. Mice were sacrificed 4 and8 weeks after surgery, and sections through the joint were scored usinga reported scoring system (Chambers et al., 2001, Arthritis & Rheum44:1455). Scores were reported as mean maximal score from WT andADAMTS-5 homozygous KO and heterozygous KO. In addition, the scores fromeach section through the joint were added to express the severity of OAas the mean of the summed scored for each treatment group at each timepoint. This second method of scoring takes into account severity of thelesion as well as the surface area of the joint affected. As shown inFIGS. 3A and 3B, both methods of analysis revealed significant reduction(p<0.05) in the scores of the ADAMTS-5 homozygous and heterozygous KOcompared to WT mice (FIG. 3). The summed scores of the ADAMTS-5 KOanimals were reduced to less than 50% of the WT indicating reducedseverity as well as surface area involvement. It is notable that wepreviously reported no difference in the scores in the identicalsurgical model performed on ADAMTS-4 KO mice. In addition, similarstudies in the literature describing induction of OA in IL-1β, IL-1βr,INOS, and ICE KO mice reported increased severity of pathology in thegenetically manipulated mice (Clements et al., 2003, Arthritis & Rhuem48:3452). In order to compare the results with those published resultsexamining the progression of osteoarthritis in IL-1β, IL-1βr, INOS, andICE KO mice the results as mean scores of the medial tibial plateau ofeach experimental group were also expressed. FIG. 4 shows that thesescores also were significantly reduced in the ADAMTS-5 homozygous andheterozygous KO animals.

Femoral head articular cartilage was removed from ADAMTS-4 KO, ADAMTS-5KO and WT mice and placed into tissue culture. Inflammatory cytokines(IL-1 and retinoic acid) were added to the culture system to inducedegradative enzyme activity, and analysis of the aggrecan degradationproducts released from the cartilage were evaluated by quantitation oftotal proteoglycan release and by western blots using a monoclonalneoepitope antibody generated against the new C terminus of aggrecanafter cleavage by an “aggrecanase” (G1-TEGE³⁷³) (Collins-Racie et al.,2004, Matrix Biology 23:219-230). Results depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5Bdemonstrated equivalent total proteoglycan release, and equivalentgeneration of the TEGE³⁷³ neoepitope in articular cartilage from WT andADAMTS-4 KO mice, while there was no evidence of aggrecanase-generatedfragments in conditioned media from the articular cartilage of theADAMTS-5 KO mice. FIG. 5C shows immunohistochemical analysis of thesefemoral heads using a polyclonal antibody generated against the TEGE³⁷³neoepitope demonstrated significant hybridization to the aggrecanasegenerated aggrecan neoepitope in articular cartilage from WT andADAMTS-4 KO mice, and negligible hybridization in the ADAMTS-5 KOcartilage.

This work examined the affect of deletion of the activity of ADAMTS-5(aggrecanase-2) on normal murine development, growth and physiology.Similar to reports previously examining the ADAMTS-4 KO mouse, deletionof ADAMTS-5 activity did not negatively affect any of these functions.Deletion of ADAMTS-5 activity did not affect aggrecanase-generatedaggrecan turnover in the growth plates. However, surprisingly, deletionof ADAMTS-5 activity significantly abrogated the progression ofosteoarthritis in these mice, while deletion of ADAMTS-4 activity had nosuch affect. This inability to cleave aggrecan at the “aggrecanase” sitewithin the interglobular domain of the substrate in the ADAMTS-5knockout was further substantiated by lack of appearance of thesefragments after cytokine stimulation of articular cartilage in vitro inthe ADAMTS-5 knockout mouse. Several enzymes have been reported to becapable of cleavage of aggrecan at the E³⁷³⁻³⁷⁴A site within theinterglobular domain of aggrecan including ADAMTS-1, ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5and ADAMTS-9. The present invention shows that ADAMTS-5 is the enzymeresponsible for articular cartilage extracellular matrix degradation inosteoarthritis. This is the first report of a single gene deletioncapable of abrogating the course of osteoarthritis in an animal model.It is clear from these results that ADAMTS-5 is the primary“aggrecanase” responsible for aggrecan degradation in murineosteoarthritis.

Example 3 Preparation of Biaryl Sulfanomides

Examples 3.1 and 3.2 were made based on Scheme 1

Example 3.1

3-Methyl-2-[4′-(3-methyl-quinolin-2-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

Step 1A [Intermediate 1] To a dry round-bottom flask was added4-Bromo-benzenesulfonyl chloride (12.2 g, 47.7 mmol, 1 equiv.),anhydrous methylene chloride (170 mL), and H-D-Val-OMe (8.0 g, 47.7mmol, 1 equiv.). The mixture was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath followedby the addition of Hunig base (19.11 mL, 109.7 mmol, 2.3 equiv.). Thereaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirredovernight. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The reactionmixture was then diluted with dichloromethane (100 mL) and washed withbrine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, solventevaporated to yield 2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester in 96% yield (16.0 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D)δ ppm 0.87 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.96 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 2.04 (m, 1H) 3.49(s, 3H) 3.74 (d, J=14.40 Hz, 1H) 5.10 (d, J=9.85 Hz, 1H) 7.66 (m, 4H).

Step 1B [Intermediate 2:2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methyl ester (3.4g, 9.71 mmol), 4-hydroxymethyl phenyl boronic acid (1.48 g, 9.71 mmol, 1equiv.), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (561 mg, 0.48 mmol, 0.05 equiv.) were dissolved inethylene glycol dimethyl ether (90 mL) under N₂ atmosphere and stirredat room temperature for 30 min. Then K₂CO₃ (2.68 g, 19.4 mmol, 2 equiv.)in H₂O (30 mL) was introduced to the reaction mixture and heat to refluxovernight. After TLC confirmation of reaction completion, solvent wasremoved by rotovap, residue partitioned between EtOAc and brine, organiclayer dried over MgSO₄, solvent removed, crude residue was trituratedwith EtOAc to give2-(4′-Hydroxymethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidmethyl ester in 67% yield (2.46 g).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D)

ppm 0.90 (d, J=7.07 Hz, 3H) 0.97 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.57 (s, 1H) 2.04(m, 1H) 3.43 (s, 3H) 3.79 (dd, J=10.11, 5.05 Hz, 1H) 4.78 (s, 2H) 5.11(d, J=10.36 Hz, 1H) 7.49 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H) 7.60 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H) 7.70(d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.88 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H).

Step 1C [Intermediate 3:2-(4′-Hydroxymethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidmethyl ester (1.2 g, 3.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), 2-chloro-3-methyl quinoline(2.26 g, 12.7 mmol, 4 equiv.) were dissolved in DMF (30 mL) followed bythe addition of NaH (382 mg, 60% in oil, 9.54 mmol, 3 equiv.). Themixture was stirred at 100° C. for 5 hrs, then at room temperatureovernight. The reaction mixture was then poured into cold water, solidprecipitated from the mixture was collected by filtration and washedwith water. Regular column chromatography (Silica gel, 1% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂)to yield 203 mg of3-Methyl-2-[4′-(3-methyl-quinolin-2-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester in 12% yield.

H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.89 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.97 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 2.04 (m, 1H) 2.40 (s, 3H) 3.43 (s, 3H) 3.78 (dd, J=10.11,5.31 Hz, 1H) 5.09 (d, J=10.11 Hz, 1H) 5.64 (s, 2H) 7.37 (m, 1H) 7.64 (m,8H) 7.86 (m, 4H).

Step 1D:3-Methyl-2-[4′-(3-methyl-quinolin-2-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester (203 mg, 0.39 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in THF (8mL) and MeOH (4 mL) and hydrolyzed with 1N NaOH (5.83 mL, 5.83 mmol, 13equiv.). After stirring for 3 days, solvent was removed and the residuewas dissolved in H₂O. The mixture was then acidified to pH 3 using 1NHCl. Solid precipitated from the mixture was collected by filtration andwashed with water. After drying in vacuum oven, 101 mg of3-Methyl-2-[4′-(3-methyl-quinolin-2-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid was obtained in 76.3% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 0.81 (d, J=6.57 Hz, 3H) 0.84 (d, J=6.82Hz, 3H) 1.95 (m, 1H) 2.36 (s, 3H) 3.56 (dd, J=9.09, 5.81 Hz, 1H) 5.61(s, 2H) 7.42 (t, J=7.45 Hz, 1H) 7.61 (t, J=7.71 Hz, 1H) 7.67 (d, J=7.83Hz, 2H) 7.83 (m, 8H) 8.08 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H) 12.58 (s, 1H). Example 3.2

3-Methyl-2-[4′-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,3-Methyl-2-[4′-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to the procedures similar to that describedfor Example 3.1.

Step 1C: 2-(4′-Hydroxymethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester (350 mg, 0.93 mmol, 1 equiv),2-chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridine (841 mg, 4.64 mmol, 5 equiv.) weredissolved in DMF (7 mL) followed by the addition of NaH (111 mg, 2.78mmol, 3 equiv.) under N₂ atmosphere. The mixture was heat to 100° C. for2 hrs and cool to room temperature. Reaction mixture poured onto coldwater and the resulting solid collected by filtration. Furtherpurification by column chromatography (Silica gel, 20% EtOAc/Hexane) toafford 259 mg of G9058-182-2 in 54% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.82 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.90 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.98 (m, 1H) 3.36 (s, 3H) 3.72 (dd, J=10.11, 5.05 Hz, 1H)5.02 (d, J=10.11 Hz, 1H) 5.43 (s, 2H) 6.84 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 1H) 7.52 (m,4H) 7.64 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 2H) 7.74 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 1H) 7.82 (m, 2H) 8.40(s, 1H).

Step 1D:3-Methyl-2-[4′-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid (86.4% yield, 210 mg) was prepared according to procedures in Step1D for Example 1A, using3-Methyl-2-[4′-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester (250 mg) as the starting material.

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.81 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.84 (d, J=6.57Hz, 3H) 1.95 (m, 1H) 3.56 (m, 1H) 5.51 (d, 2H) 7.12 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 1H)7.59 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H) 7.77 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H) 7.86 (m, 4H) 8.11 (m,2H) 8.63 (m, 1H) 12.57 (s, 1H).

Example 3.3 and 3.4 were made based on Scheme 2.

Example 3.3

2-[4′-(2,8-Bis-trifluoromethyl-quinolin-4-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-1-3-methyl-butyricacid

Step 2A [Intermediate 4, G9591-157-1]: To a solution of2,8-Bis-trifluoromethyl-quinolin-4-ol (3.85 g, 13.7 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) inDMF (40 mL) was added2-(4-Bromomethyl-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane (3.7g, 12.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and K₂CO₃ (3.45 g, 24.92 mmol, 2.2 equiv.)under N₂ atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight. The reaction was complete as determined by TLC.The reaction mixture was poured into cold water, the white precipitateformed was collected by filtration, washed with water, dried undervacuum to yield4-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzyloxy]-2,8-bis-trifluoromethyl-quinolinein 73% yield (4.95 g).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 1.36 (s, 12H) 5.38 (s, 2H) 7.21 (s,1H) 7.51 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H) 7.65 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 1H) 7.90 (d, J=8.08 Hz,2H) 8.14 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H) 8.50 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H).

Step 2B [Intermediate 5, G9591-162]: To4-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzyloxy]-2,8-bis-trifluoromethyl-quinoline(1.5 g, 3.0 mmol, 1 equiv.) in 45 mL of ethylene glycol dimethyl etherwas added 2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methylester (1.06 g, 3.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (174 mg, 0.15 mmol,0.05 equiv.) under N₂. The reaction mixture was stirred for 0.5 hr, thenan aqueous solution of K₂CO₃ (834 mg, 6.0 mmol, 2 equiv.) was added. Themixture was heat to reflux overnight. After cooling to room temperature,solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was diluted with EtOAc(100 mL) and washed with brine solution. The organic layer was driedover anhydrous MgSO₄, solvent evaporated under vacuum, and the crudeproduct was purified on silica gel column (30% EtOAc/Hexane) to give1.026 g of2-[4′-(2,8-Bis-trifluoromethyl-quinolin-4-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester in 53% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.90 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.98 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 2.07 (m, 1H) 3.45 (s, 3H) 3.81 (dd, J=10.11, 5.05 Hz, 1H)5.12 (d, J=10.11 Hz, 1H) 5.44 (s, 2H) 7.25 (s, 1H) 7.70 (m, 7H) 7.92 (d,J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 8.16 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H) 8.52 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H).

Step 2C:2-[4′-(2,8-Bis-trifluoromethyl-quinolin-4-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester (1.026 g, 1.6 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in THF (15mL) and MeOH (6 mL) and 1N NaOH (17.6 mL, 11 equiv.) was added. Thereaction was monitored by TLC. It was complete in 3 days. Solvent wasremoved by rotovap and the residue was dissolved in H₂O. The mixture wasthen acidified to pH 3 with 1N HCl. The resulting precipitate wascollected by filtration and washed with cold water and dried overnight.460 mg of white solid was obtained in 46% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.82 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.85 (d, J=6.82Hz, 3H) 1.96 (m, 1H) 3.57 (dd, J=9.35, 6.32 Hz, 1H) 5.66 (s, 2H) 7.83(m, 10H) 8.11 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 1H) 8.35 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H) 8.58 (d, J=7.83Hz, 1H) 12.57 (s, 1H).

Example 3.4

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-methyl-quinolin-4-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-methyl-quinolin-4-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to the procedures similar to that describedfor Example 3.3.

Step 2A: Alkylation of 2-Methyl-quinolin-4-ol with2-(4-Bromomethyl-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane wascarried out according to procedures in Step 2A for Example 1C to give2-Methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzyloxy]-quinolinein 28% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 1.3 (s, 12H) 2.6 (s, 3H)5.4 (s, 2H) 7.0 (s, 1H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.6 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (m, 1H)7.7 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H) 8.1 (dd, J=8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H).

Step 2B: Suzuki coupling ofD-2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methyl esterwith2-Methyl-4-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzyloxy]-quinolinewas carried out according to procedures in Step 2B for Example 3.3 in80% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=15.0, 6.7 Hz, 6H)1.9 (m, 1H) 2.6 (s, 3H) 3.3 (s, 3H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.3, 7.1 Hz, 1H) 5.5 (s,2H) 7.1 (s, 1H) 7.5 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H) 7.7 (m, 3H) 7.8 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 4H)7.9 (m, 1H) 7.9 (m, 2H) 8.1 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H) 8.3 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

Step 2C: Hydrolysis ofD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-methyl-quinolin-4-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester was carried out according to procedures in Step 2C forExample 3.3 in quantitative yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8(dd, J=40.2, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 2.6 (s, 3H) 3.0 (s, 1H) 5.4 (s, 2H)7.1 (s, 1H) 7.5 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H) 7.7 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 3H) 7.8 (m, 7H) 8.1(d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.5 was made based on Scheme 3.

Example 3.5

Step 3A. To a round-bottom flask was added 4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylchloride (24.37 g, 95.4 mmol, 1 equiv), anhydrous methylene chloride(350 mL), and H-D-Val-OtBu (20 g, 95.4 mmol, 1 equiv.). The mixture wascool to 0° C. followed by the addition of Hunig's base (38.2 mL, 219mmol, 2.3 equiv.). The cooling bath was then removed and the reactionmixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight.Starting material was consumed as determined by TLC. The reactionmixture was then diluted with methylene chloride (200 mL) and washedwith H₂O (500 mL), brine (250 mL). The organic layer was dried overanhydrous MgSO₄, evaporated under vacuum to yield2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid tert-butyl esterin quantitative yield (35.0 g).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.82 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.84 (d, J=6.82Hz, 3H) 1.19 (s, 9H) 1.93 (m, 1H) 3.46 (dd, J=9.35, 6.06 Hz, 1H) 7.69(d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.79 (m, 2H) 8.24 (d, J=9.60 Hz, 1H).

Step 3B: 2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (11.96 g, 30.47 mmol, 1 equiv.),4-(Hydroxymethylbenzene) boronic acid (4.63 g, 30.5 mmol, 1 equiv) andPd(PPh₃)₄ (1.76 g, 1.52 mmol, 0.05 equiv.) were charged to a reactionflask and added with ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (300 mL). Themixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min., then a solution ofK₂CO₃ (8.43 g, 60.9 mmol, 2 equiv.) dissolved in 100 mL H₂O wasintroduced. The reaction mixture was heat to reflux overnight. Aftercooling to room temperature, solvent was removed by rotavap and theresidue partitioned between EtOAc and brine. Organic layer was separatedand dried over MgSO₄. After removing solvent by rotavap, 8.3 g of whitesolid 2-(4′-Hydroxymethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was obtained in 65% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm 1.05 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.12 (d, J=6.82 Hz,3H) 1.33 (s, 9H) 2.16 (m, 1H) 3.73 (d, J=5.56 Hz, 1H) 4.81 (s, 2H) 7.62(d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.78 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H) 7.92 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 8.04(m, 2H).

Step 3C 2-(4′-Hydroxymethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester (700 mg, 1.68 mmol, 1 equiv), 2-chloroquinoline(1.1 g, 6.7 mmol, 4 equiv) were dissolved in DMF (20 mL) and added withand NaH (202 mg, 60% in oil, 5.04 mmol, 3 equiv). The mixture was heatto 100° C. for 2 hrs. After cooling to room temperature, the reactionmixture was quenched with sat. NH₄Cl (aq). After stirring for 0.5 h,solid precipitated from the mixture. Solid was collected by filtrationand washed with water and dried overnight to produce 793 mg of2-[4′-(Isoquinolin-3-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester in 87% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.87 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.03 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.19 (s, 9H) 2.05 (m, 1H) 3.66 (dd, J=9.85, 4.55 Hz, 1H)5.14 (d, J=9.85 Hz, 1H) 5.62 (s, 2H) 6.98 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 1H) 7.40 (m,1H) 7.66 (m, 9H) 7.89 (m, 2H) 8.03 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H).

Step 3D:2-[4′-(Isoquinolin-3-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester (480 mg, 0.88 mmol) was dissolved in 15 mL ofdichloromethane. The solution was cool to 0° C. followed by the additionof 5 mL of TFA. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 4 hrs. Solvent was removed by rotavap and the residue was washedwith MeOH. Solid thus obtained was dried overnight under vacuum toafford 60 mg of2-[4′-(Isoquinolin-3-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid in 14% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.81 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.84 (d, J=6.82Hz, 3H) 1.95 (m, 1H) 3.56 (dd, J=9.35, 6.06 Hz, 1H) 5.58 (s, 2H) 7.11(d, J=8.84 Hz, 1H) 7.46 (dd, J=7.58, 6.32 Hz, 1H) 7.79 (m, 11H) 8.08 (d,J=9.35 Hz, 1H) 8.29 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H) 12.57 (s, 1H).

Example 3.6 was made based on Scheme 4.

Example 3.6

2-[4′-(Benzothiazol-2-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

To2-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzyloxy]-benzothiazole(300 mg, 0.604 mmol, 1 equiv.) in 9 mL of dimethoxy ethane was added2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid tert-butyl ester(237 mg, 0.604 mmol, 1 equiv.) and Pd(PPh3)4 (35 mg, 0.03 mmol, 0.05equiv). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min followedby the addition of K2CO3 (167 mg, 1.208 mmol, 2 equiv.) in H2O (3 mL).The mixture was heat to reflux overnight. After cooling to roomtemperature, solvent was removed by rotavap. Residue was dissolved inmethylene chloride and washed with water, brine. Organic layer driedover MgSO₄, solvent removed under vacuum, crude mixture purified bycolumn chromatography (30% EtOAc/Hexane) to give 285 mg of in 85% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 1.07 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.23 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.39 (s, 9H) 1.47 (t, J=7.20 Hz, 1H) 3.86 (dd, J=9.85,4.55 Hz, 1H) 5.42 (s, 2H) 6.99 (s, 1H) 7.22 (d, J=7.07 Hz, 1H) 7.39 (m,2H) 7.61 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.67 (d, J=6.32 Hz, 1H) 7.72 (m, 2H) 7.84(d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 8.09 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H).

Step 4B2-[4′-(Benzothiazol-2-yloxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester (140 mg, 0.25 mml) was dissolved in 6 mL ofmethylene chloride followed by the addition of TFA (3 mL) The reactionwas complete in 6 hrs as determined by TLC. Solvent was removed and theresidue was dissolved in EtOAc. n-Hexane was added into the solution andsolid precipitated from the mixture. The precipitate was collected anddried to afford 86 mg of in 68% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.80 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.83 (d, J=6.82Hz, 3H) 1.93 (m, 1H) 3.54 (dd, J=9.35, 6.06 Hz, 1H) 5.26 (s, 2H) 7.21(m, 1H) 7.33 (m, 2 H) 7.44 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.71 (t, J=8.46 Hz, 3H)7.82 (s, 4H) 8.07 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 1H) 12.55 (s, 1H).

Examples 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17,3.18 were made based on Scheme 4B.

Example 3.7

ES−480.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 482.16311 (M+Na)+; 482.16319 Calc'd Example 3.8

ES+ 544.2 (M+H)+HRMS: 544.17694 (M+H); 544.17884 Calc'd Example 3.9

ES− 480.2 (M−H)−HRMS: 482.1635 (M+H)⁺; 482.16319 Calc'd Example 3.10

ES− 495.2 (M−H)−HRMS: 497.17284 (M+H)⁺; 497.17409 Calc'd Example 3.11

ES− 468.2 (M−H)−HRMS: 470.16231 (M+H)⁺; 470.16319 Calc'd Example 3.12

ES− 456.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 458.14323 (M+H)⁺; 458.1432 Calc'd Example 3.13

ES− 551.2 (M−H)−HRMS: 553.19849 (M+H)⁺; 553.2003 Calc'd Example 3.14

ES− 535.2 (M−H)−HRMS: 537.20469 (M+H)⁺; 537.20539 Calc'd Example 3.15

ES− 456.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 458.14389 (M+H)⁺; 458.1432 Calc'd Example 3.16

ES− 468.2 (M−H)−HRMS: 470.16151 (M+H)⁺; 470.16319 Calc'd Example 3.17

ES+ 539.1 (M+H)+HRMS: 539.2202

1 (M+H)+; 539.22104 Calc'd

Example 3.18

ES−514.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 516.18313 (M+H)⁺; 516.18392 Calc'd

Examples 3.19, 3.20, 3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.24, 3.25, 3.26, 3.27, 3.28,3.29, 3.30, 3.32 were made based on Scheme 4C.

Example 3.19

ES−495.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 497.17429 (M+H)+; 497.17409 Calc'd Example 3.20

ES−488.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 490.16864 (M+H)⁺; 490.16827 Calc'd Example 3.21

ES+m/z 452.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 454.16745 (M+H)⁺; 454.16827 Calc'd

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.82 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.94 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.06 (m, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 3.80 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 10Hz), 5.13 (m,3H), 6.90 (m, 2H), 7.17 (m, 2H), 7.55 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.60 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.66 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.86 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz).

Example 3.22

ES⁺ m/z 481.2 (M+H)+HRMS: 483.19410 (M+H)⁺; 483.19482 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 0.90 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.99 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.06 (m, 1H), 2.92 (s, 6H), 3.42 (s, 3H), 3.70 (d, 1H, J=5.6, 10Hz), 5.14 (s, 2H), 6.41 (m, 3H), 7.11 (m, 1H), 7.57 (d, 2H, 8 Hz), 7.71(d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.80 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.92 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz).

Example 3.23

ES⁺ m/z 544.1 (M+H)+HRMS: 546.19448 (M+H)⁺; 546.19449 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 0.93 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.99 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.07 (m, 1H), 3.70 (d, 1H, J=5.6), 5.03 (s, 2H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 6.94(s, 4H), 7.31 (m, 1H), 7.37 (m, 2H), 7.43 (m, 2H), 7.55 (d, 2H, 8 Hz),7.71 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.80 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.92 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz).

Example 3.24

ES⁺ m/z 553.2 (M−H)−HRMS: 577.19777 (M+Na)⁺; 577.19789 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 0.91 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.97 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 1.50 (s, 9H), 2.04 (m, 1H), 3.68 (d, 1H, J=5.6 Hz), 5.10 (s, 2H),6.92 (s, 2H), 7.28 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.54 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.70 (d, 2H,J=8 Hz), 7.79 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.91 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz).

Example 3.25

ES⁺ m/z 470.2 (M+H)+HRMS: 470.16364 (M+H)+; 470.16319 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.89 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.96 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.10 (m, 1H), 3.82 (m, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 5.07 (d, 1H, J=9.6 Hz),5.21 (s, 2H), 6.93 (m, 4H), 7.54 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.58 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz),7.65 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.89 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz).

Example 3.26

ES⁺ m/z 466.2 (M−H)−HRMS: 468.18540 (M+H)⁺; 468.18392 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.83 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.95 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.05 (m, 1H), 2.33 (s, 6H), 3.82 (dd, 1H, J=5.2, 10 Hz), 4.88 (s,2H), 5.07 (d, 1H, J=10 Hz), 6.97 (m, 1H), 7.05 (m, 2H), 7.64 (m, 4H),7.67 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.87 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz).

Example 3.27

ES⁺ m/z 454.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 456.14707 (M+H)⁺; 456.14754 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, acetone(d₆)): δ 0.92 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.98 (d, 3H,J=6.8 Hz), 2.10 (m, 1H), 3.16 (m, 1H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 6.45 (d, 1H, J=8Hz), 6.53 (m, 2H), 7.10 (t, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.61 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.76 (d,2H, J=8 Hz), 7.86 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.94 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz).

Example 3.28

ES⁺ m/z 530.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 532.17709 (M+H)⁺; 532.17884 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 0.93 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.99 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.06 (m, 1H), 3.70 (d, 1H, J=5.6, 10 Hz), 5.16 (s, 2H), 6.93 (m,3H), 7.04 (m, 3H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.72 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.81 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.93 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz).

Example 3.29

ES⁺ m/z 531.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 533.17293 (M+H)⁺; 533.17409 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.88 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 1.00 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.13 (m, 1H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 5.13 (m, 3H), 6.82 (m, 1H), 7.02 (m,5H), 7.56 (m, 4H), 7.67 (m, 3H), 7.89 (m, 2H), 8.16 (m, 1H).

Example 3.30

ES⁺ m/z 545.2 (M−H)−HRMS: 547.19006 (M+H)⁺; 547.18974 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.89 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 1.01 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.19 (m, 1H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 6.39 (d,1H, J=8 Hz), 6.83 (m, 1H), 6.90 (m, 2H, J=8 Hz), 6.97 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz),7.52 (m, 5H), 7.60 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.90 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz).

Example 3.31

ES⁺ m/z 506.2 (M−H)−HRMS: 508.17782 (M+H)+; 508.17884 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.81 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.84 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 1.98 (m, 3H), 2.64 (d, 2H), 2.91 (t, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.56 (dd, 1H,J=6, 9.2 Hz), 5.27 (s, 2H), 6.99 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.59 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz),7.78 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.85 (m, 4H), 8.08 (d, 1H, 8 Hz).

Examples 3.32, 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 3.36, 3.37, 3.38, 3.39, 3.40, 3.41 weremade based on Scheme 5.

Example 3.32

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(3-methyl-benzofuran-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

Step 5A: A mixture of 2-Chloromethyl-3-methyl-benzofuran (675.9 mg, 3.75mmol), 4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenol (825 mg,3.75 mmol, 1 eq), K₂CO₃ (2.1 g, 15.2 mmol, 4 eq) in 20 mL of CH₃CN washeat to reflux under nitrogen atmosphere. Reaction was complete after 12hrs. Regular work-up and column purification (5% EtOAc/hexane) to give3-Methyl-2-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxymethyl]-benzofuranin 44% yield (601 mg). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 1.3 (s, 12H)2.3 (s, 3H) 5.2 (s, 2H) 7.0 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.3 (m, 2H) 7.5 (dd,J=21.6, 7.7 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 21H).

Step 5B: A mixture ofD-2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methyl ester(568.07 mg, 1.62 mmol),3-Methyl-2-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxymethyl]-benzofuran(590.7 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1 eq), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (93.7 mg, 0.08 mmol, 0.05 eq),and K₂CO₃ (448.35 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2 eq) in 5 mL of DME and 5 mL of H₂Owas heat to reflux for 12 hrs. After cool to room temperature, themixture was loaded onto column for purification. 616 mg of productG8475-146 was obtained in 75% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm 0.8(d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 2.2 (s, 3H) 3.2 (s, 3H) 3.5 (d, J=6.6 Hz,1H) 5.1 (s, 2H) 7.0 (m, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.1 (m, 1H) 7.2 (m, 1H) 7.3 (m,1H) 7.4 (m, 1H) 7.5 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.6 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (m, 2H).

Step 5C: ToD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(3-methyl-benzofuran-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester (364 mg) was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and MeOH (3 mL).1N LiOH (3 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight. Regularwork-up and column purification to giveD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(3-methyl-benzofuran-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid in quantitative. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=30.3, 6.8Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 2.2 (s, 3H) 3.5 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H) 5.1 (s, 2H) 7.1(d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.1 (m, 1H) 7.2 (m, 1H) 7.3 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H) 7.5 (d,J=8.3 Hz, 1H) 7.5 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 3H) 7.6 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d, J=8.8Hz, 2H).

Example 3.33

D-2-[4′-(Benzofuran-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-2-[4′-(Benzofuran-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.32.

Step 5A: To 2-Bromomethyl-benzofuran (1.5 g, 7.1 mmol, 1 eq.),4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenol (1.56 g, 7.1mmol, 1 eq.), potassium carbonate (1.96 g, 14.2 mmol, 2 eq.) wasdissolved in acetonitrile (50 mL) under argon and heated at 70° C. for16 hours. After work-up and flash column chromatography,2-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxymethyl]-benzofuranis obtained. Yield: 63%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 1.3 (s, 12H)5.3 (s, 2H) 7.1 (m, 3H) 7.3 (m, 1H) 7.3 (m, 1H) 7.6 (m, 4H).

Step 5B: Coupling of2-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxymethyl]-benzofuranwith D-2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid tert-butylester to obtainD-2-[4′-(Benzofuran-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 5B forExample 3.32. Yield: 33%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 0.8 (dd,J=8.3, 7.1 Hz, 6H) 1.2 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.7, 6.2 Hz, 1H)5.3 (s, 2H) 7.1 (s, 1H) 7.2 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.3 (m, 1H) 7.3 (m, 1H)7.6 (dd, J=8.2, 0.6 Hz, 1H) 7.7 (m, 3H) 7.8 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 4H) 8.1 (d,J=9.9 Hz, 1H).

Step 5C:D-2-[4′-(Benzofuran-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester (126 mg, 0.23 mmol, 1 eq.), cerium chlorideheptahydrate (175 mg, 0.47 mmol, 2 eq.), potassium iodide (51 mg, 0.30mmol, 1.3 eq.) in acetonitrile (10 mL) were heated at 70 C for 16 hours.After work-up and flash column chromatography,D-2-[4′-(Benzofuran-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid was obtained. Yield: 25%. NMR: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8(dd, J=12.5, 6.7 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H) 5.3 (s,2H) 7.1 (s, 1H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.3 (dd, J=8.1, 0.8 Hz, 1H) 7.3(m, 1H) 7.6 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H) 7.7 (m, 1H) 7.7 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d,4H) 8.0 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.34

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.32.

Step 5A: Alkylation of 2-Bromomethyl-naphthalene with4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenol was carried outaccording to procedures in Step 5A in Example 3.32 to give4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-2-[4-(naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-phenyl]-[1,3,2]dioxaborolanein 85% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 1.3 (s, 12H) 5.3 (s,2H) 7.0 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (m, 2H) 7.5 (dd, J=8.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H) 7.8(d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (m, 4H).

Step 5B: Suzuki coupling of4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-2-[4-(naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-phenyl]-[1,3,2]dioxaborolanewith D-2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methylester was carried out according to procedures in Step 5B for Example3.32 to giveD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester in 44% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.9(dd, J=32.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.4 (s, 3H) 3.8 (dd, J=10.2, 5.2Hz, 1H) 5.1 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H) 5.3 (s, 2H) 7.1 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (m,2H) 7.6 (m, 3H) 7.7 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (m, 6H).

Step 5C: Hydrolysis ofD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester was carried out according to procedures in Step 5C forExample 3.32 in quantitative yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm 0.8(dd, J=32.6, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H) 5.2 (s, 2H)7.1 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (m, 2H) 7.5 (dd, J=8.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H) 7.5 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.6 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (m, 5H) 7.8 (s, 1H).

Example 3.35

D-2-(4′-Benzyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid

The title compound,D-2-(4′-Benzyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid, wasprepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.32.

Step 5B: Suzuki coupling of 4-benzyloxyphenylboronic acid withD-2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid tert-butylester was carried out according to procedures in Step 5B for Example3.32 to giveD-2-(4′-Benzyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester in 73% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm 0.8 (dd,J=29.7, 6.7 Hz, 6H) 1.1 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H) 5.0(s, 2H) 7.0 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.2 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) 7.3 (m, 2H) 7.4 (d,J=6.8 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.6 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d, J=8.8Hz, 2H).

Step 5C: D-2-(4′-Benzyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid was prepared according to procedures in Step 5C for Example 3.32 inquantitative yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=12.3, 6.7Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H) 5.2 (s, 2H) 7.1 (d,J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (m, 3H) 7.5 (m, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (s, 4H)8.0 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.36

D-3-Methyl-2-4′-(quinolin-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(quinolin-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.32.

Step 5A: Alkylation of 2-Chloromethyl-quinoline with4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenol was carried outaccording to procedures in Step 5A for Example 3.32 to give2-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxymethyl]-quinolinein 90% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm 1.2 (s, 12H) 5.3 (s, 2H) 7.0(d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.6 (dd, J=11.4, 8.6 Hz, 3H) 7.7 (m, 1H)7.8 (dd, J=8.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H) 7.9 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 8.3 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H).

Step 5B: Suzuki coupling of2-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxymethyl]-quinolinewith D-2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid tert-butylester was carried out according to procedures in Step 5B for Example3.32 to giveD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(quinolin-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid tert-butyl ester in 70% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm 0.8(dd, J=29.8, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.1 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H)5.3 (s, 2H) 7.1 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (m, 3H) 7.6 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 3H) 7.7(m, 1H) 7.8 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (dd, J=8.2, 0.9 Hz, 1H) 8.0 (m, 1H)8.3 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H).

Step 5C: Removal of t-butyl ester was done according to procedures inStep 5C for Example 3.32 in quantitative yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 0.8 (dd, J=12.5, 6.7 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.3,6.1 Hz, 1H) 5.5 (s, 2H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (m, 1H) 7.7 (dd,J=8.7, 1.9 Hz, 3H) 7.8 (s, 5H) 8.0 (m, 3H) 8.5 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.37

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.32.

Step 5A: Alkylation of 1-Bromomethyl-2-nitro-benzene with4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenol was carried outaccording to procedures in Step 5A for Example 3.32 to give4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-2-[4-(2-nitro-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-[1,3,2]dioxaborolanein 62% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 1.3 (s, 12H) 5.5 (s,2H) 7.0 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.7 (m, 1H) 7.8 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H)7.9 (dd, J=7.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H) 8.2 (dd, J=8.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H).

Step 5B: Suzuki coupling of4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-2-[4-(2-nitro-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-[1,3,2]dioxaborolanewith D-2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid tert-butylester was carried out according to procedures in Step 5B for Example3.32 to giveD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid tert-butyl ester in 20% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) 8 ppm 0.8(dd, J=30.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.1 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H)5.4 (s, 2H) 7.0 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.5 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.6(m, 3H) 7.8 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 3H) 8.1 (dd, J=8.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H).

Step 5C: Removal of t-butyl ester was done according to procedures inStep 5C for Example 3.32 in quantitative yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD)

ppm 0.8 (dd, J=24.3, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.6 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H) 5.4(s, 2H) 7.0 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H) 7.6 (d, J=8.8 Hz,2H) 7.7 (m, 3H) 7.8 (m, 3H) 8.1 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.38

D-2-[4′-(2-Chloro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-2-[4′-(2-Chloro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.32.

Step 5A: Coupling of 2-chlorobenzyl bromide with 4-hydroxyphenyl boronicester to obtain2-[4-(2-Chloro-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolanewas done according to procedures in Step 5A for Example 2A. Yield: 85%.¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 1.3 (s, 12H) 5.2 (s, 2H) 7.0 (d, J=8.8Hz, 2H) 7.4 (m, 2H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.6 (m, 1H) 7.6 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H).

Step 5B: Coupling2-[4-(2-Chloro-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolanewith D-2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methylester to obtainD-2-[4′-(2-Chloro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 5B forExample 3.32. Yield: 73%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd,J=15.4, 6.6 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.3 (s, 3H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.3, 7.1 Hz, 1H)5.2 (s, 2H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (m, 2H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.6 (m, 1H)7.7 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (m, 2H) 8.3 (d, J=9.3Hz, 1H).

Step 5C: Hydrolysis ofD-2-[4′-(2-Chloro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester toD-2-[4′-(2-Chloro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 5C for Example 3.32.Yield: 55%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=12.6, 6.8 Hz, 6H)1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H) 5.2 (s, 2H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz,2H) 7.4 (m, 2H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.6 (m, 1H) 7.7 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (s,4H) 8.0 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H) 12.6 (s, 1H).

Example 3.39

D-2-[4′-(2-Fluoro-6-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-2-[4′-(2-Fluoro-6-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.32.

Step 5A: Coupling of 2-fluoro-6-nitrobenzyl bromide with 4-hydroxyphenylboronic ester to obtain2-[4-(2-Fluoro-6-nitro-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolanewas done according procedures in Step 5A for Example 3.32. Yield: 95%.¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 1.3 (s, 12H) 5.3 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 2H) 7.0(d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.6 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (m, 2H) 7.9 (m, 1H).

Step 5B: Coupling2-[4-(2-Fluoro-6-nitro-benzyloxy)-phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolanewith D-2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methylester to obtainD-2-[4′-(2-Fluoro-6-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 5B forExample 3.32. Yield: 49%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd,J=15.2, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.3 (s, 3H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.5, 7.2 Hz, 1H)5.4 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 2H) 7.1 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (m, 6H) 7.8 (m, 2H) 7.9(m, 1H) 8.3 (m, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

Step 5C: Hydrolysis ofD-2-[4′-(2-Fluoro-6-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester toD-2-[4′-(2-Fluoro-6-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 5C for Example 3.32,except purification through prep-HPLC. Yield: 30%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 0.8 (dd, J=12.9, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.2,5.9 Hz, 1H) 5.4 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 2H) 7.1 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (m, 4H) 7.8(d, J=0.8 Hz, 4H) 7.9 (m, 2H) 8.0 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.40

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(quinolin-4-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(quinolin-4-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.32.

Step 5A: Coupling of 4-Chloromethyl-quinoline with 4-hydroxyphenylboronic ester to obtain4-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxymethyl]-quinolinewas done according to procedures in Step 5A for Example 3.32. Yield:62%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 1.3 (s, 12H) 5.7 (d, J=0.5 Hz, 2H)7.1 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (m, 4H) 7.8 (m, 1H) 8.1 (dd, J=8.5, 0.9 Hz,1H) 8.2 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H) 8.9 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H).

Step 5B: Coupling of4-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxymethyl]-quinolinewith D-2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methylester to obtainD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(quinolin-4-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 5B forexample 3.32.

Yield: 47%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=15.2, 6.8 Hz, 6H)1.9 (m, 1H) 3.3 (s, 3H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.3, 7.1 Hz, 1H) 5.8 (s, 2H) 7.3 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (m, 9H) 8.1 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) 8.2 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H)8.3 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H) 8.9 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H).

Step 5C: Hydrolysis ofD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(quinolin-4-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester toD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(quinolin-4-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 5C for Example 3.32.Yield: 54%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=43.6, 6.9 Hz, 6H)2.0 (m, 1H) 3.0 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H) 5.8 (d, 2H) 7.3 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.7(m, 4H) 7.8 (m, 5H) 8.1 (m, 1H) 8.2 (dd, J=8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H) 8.9 (d,J=4.5 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.41

D-2-[4′-(2-Cyanomethyl-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(quinolin-4-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.32.

Step 5C: Hydrolysis ofD-2-[4′-(2-Cyanomethyl-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester (prepared according to step 3) toD-2-[4′-(2-Cyanomethyl-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 5C for Example 3.32.Prep-HPLC was used for purification. Yield: 75%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=23.7, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 2.8 (d, J=6.6Hz, 1H) 4.1 (s, 2H) 5.2 (s, 2H) 7.2 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (m, 2H) 7.5(m, 1H) 7.6 (m, 1H) 7.7 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 4H).

Examples 3.42, 3.43, 3.44, 3.45, 3.46, 3.477, 3.48, 3.49 were made basedon Scheme 6.

Example 3.42

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-methyl-quinolin-4-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

Step: A mixture of 4-Chloromethyl-2-methyl-quinoline (165 mg, 0.86 mmol,1 eq), D-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidmethyl ester (314 mg, 0.86 mmol, 1 eq), and K₂CO₃ (270 mg, 1.13 mmol,1.3 eq) in 8 mL of DMF under nitrogen was heat to 90° C. for 12 hrs.After work up and column chromatography (30-60% EtOAc in hexane),D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-methyl-quinolin-4-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester was obtained in 34% yield (150 mg). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=15.0, 6.7 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 2.7 (s, 3H) 3.3(s, 3H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.2, 7.2 Hz, 1H) 5.7 (s, 2H) 7.3 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H)7.6 (m, 2H) 7.8 (m, 4H) 7.8 (m, 2H) 8.0 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H) 8.1 (d, J=8.3Hz, 1H) 8.1 (none, 1H) 8.3 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H).

Step 6B:D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-methyl-quinolin-4-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester (150 mg) was dissolved in THF (8 mL) and MeOH (4 mL)and added with 1N LiOH (3 mL, 3 mmol). The resulting solution wasstirred at room temperature overnight. Reaction was complete asdetermined by TLC. Solvents removed and regular work-up and columnchromatography to afford 148 mg of in quantitative yield. ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=31.8, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 2.7 (s, 3H)3.2 (s, 1H) 5.7 (s, 2H) 7.3 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.6 (m, 2H) 7.8 (m, 7H)8.0 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H) 8.1 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.43

D-2-[4′-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-2-[4′-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.42.

Step 6A: Coupling of α-Bromo-m-tolunitrile withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methylester to obtainD-2-[4′-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 6A forExample 3.42. Yield: 25%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd,J=14.9, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.3 (s, 3H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.5, 7.2 Hz, 1H)5.3 (s, 2H) 7.2 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.6 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H) 7.7 (m, 4H) 7.8(m, 4H) 8.0 (s, 1H) 8.3 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

Step 6B: Hydrolysis ofD-2-[4′-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester toD-2-[4′-(3-Cyano-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 6B for Example 3.42.Yield: 24%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=26.0, 6.8 Hz, 6H)2.0 (m, 1H) 2.7 (s, 1H) 5.2 (s, 2H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.6 (d, J=7.6Hz, 1H) 7.7 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (m, 6H) 8.0 (s, 1H).

Example 3.44

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-1-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-1-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.42.

Step 6A: Alkylation of 1-Chloromethyl-naphthalene withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methylester was carried out according to procedures in Step 6A for Example3.42 to giveD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-1-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester in 34% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.9(dd, J=32.3, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.4 (s, 3H) 3.8 (dd, J=10.1, 5.1Hz, 1H) 5.1 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H) 5.6 (s, 2H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.5(dd, J=8.2, 6.9 Hz, 1H) 7.6 (m, 4H) 7.6 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H) 7.7 (d, J=8.6Hz, 2H) 7.9 (m, 4H) 8.1 (dd, J=8.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H).

Step 6B: Hydrolysis ofD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-1-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester was carried out according to procedures in Step 6B forExample 3.42 in quantitative yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8(dd, J=15.4, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.5 (s, 1H) 5.6 (s, 2H) 7.2 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.6 (m, 3H) 7.7 (m, 3H) 7.8 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 4H) 8.0 (m, 3H)8.1 (m, 1H).

Example 3.45

D-2-[4′-(2-Fluoro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-2-[4′-(2-Fluoro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.42.

Step 6A: Coupling of 2-fluorobenzyl bromide withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methylester to obtainD-2-[4′-(2-Fluoro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 6A forExample 3.42. Yield: 47%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd,J=15.2, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (dd, 1H) 3.3 (s, 3H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.3, 7.1 Hz, 1H)5.2 (s, 2H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.3 (m, 2H) 7.4 (m, 1H) 7.6 (m, 1H)7.7 (m, 4H) 7.8 (m, 2H) 8.3 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

Step 6B: HydrolysisD-2-[4′-(2-Fluoro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester toD-2-[4′-(2-Fluoro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 6B for Example 3.42.Yield: 67%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=43.7, 6.8 Hz, 6H)2.0 (m, 1H) 2.9 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H) 5.2 (s, 2H) 6.8 (s, 1H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8Hz, 2H) 7.3 (m, 2H) 7.4 (m, 1H) 7.6 (m, 1H) 7.7 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8(s, 4H).

Example 3.46

D-2-[4′-(2,3-Difluoro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-2-[4′-(2,3-Difluoro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.42.

Step 6A: Coupling of 2,3-difluorobenzyl bromide withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methylester to obtainD-2-[4′-(2,3-Difluoro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 6A forExample 3.42 but at room temperature for 16 hours. Yield: 42%. 1H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm (s, 2H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.3 (m, 1H) 7.5(m, 2H) 7.7 (m, 4H) 7.8 (m, 2H) 8.3 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

Step 6B: HydrolysisD-2-[4′-(2,3-Difluoro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester toD-2-[4′-(2,3-Difluoro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 6B for Example 3.42.Yield: 63%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=12.4, 6.8 Hz, 6H)1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H) 5.3 (s, 2H) 7.2 (d, J=9.1 Hz,2H) 7.3 (m, 1H) 7.5 (m, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 4H)8.0 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H) 12.6 (s, 1H).

Example 2P

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-methyl-3-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-methyl-3-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.42.

Step 6A: Coupling of 2-methyl-3-nitrobenzyl bromide withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methylester to obtainD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-methyl-3-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 6A forExample 3.42 but at room temperature for 16 hours. Product furtherpurified by recrystallization (EtOAc/hexane). Yield: 26%. ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=15.2, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 2.4 (s, 3H)3.3 (s, 3H) 3.6 (m, 1H) 5.3 (s, 2H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (t, J=7.8Hz, 1H) 7.8 (m, 8H) 8.3 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

Step 6B: HydrolysisD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-methyl-3-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid methyl ester toD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-methyl-3-nitro-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 6B for Example 3.42.Yield: 33%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=12.4, 6.8 Hz, 6H)1.9 (dd, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H) 5.3 (s, 2H) 7.2 (d, J=9.1 Hz,2H) 7.3 (m, 1H) 7.5 (m, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 4H)8.0 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H) 12.6 (s, 1H).

Example 3.48

D-2-[4′-(2-Iodo-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-2-[4′-(2-Iodo-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.42.

Step 6A: Alkylation of 1-Chloromethyl-2-iodo-benzene withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methylester was carried out according to procedures in Step 6A for Example3.42 to giveD-2-[4′-(2-Iodo-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester in 55% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd,J=15.3, 6.7 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.3 (s, 3H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.5, 7.2 Hz, 1H)7.1 (m, 3H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.6 (m, 1H) 7.7 (m, 4H) 7.8 (m, 2H) 7.9 (dd,J=8.0, 1.1 Hz, 1H) 8.3 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

Step 6B: Hydrolysis ofD-2-[4′-(2-Iodo-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester was carried out according to procedures in Step 6A forExample 3.42 in quantitative yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8(dd, J=12.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H) 5.1 (s,2H) 7.1 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.6 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H) 7.7 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (s, 4H) 7.9 (dd, J=7.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H) 8.0 (d, J=9.3 Hz,1H).

Example 3.49

D-2-[4′-(Benzothiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-2-[4′-(Benzothiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.42.

Step 6A: Alkylation of 2-Bromomethyl-benzothiazole withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methylester was carried out according to procedures in Step 6A for Example3.42 to giveD-2-[4′-(Benzothiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester in 20% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 0.8 (dd,J=15.0, 6.7 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.5, 7.2 Hz, 1H) 5.7 (s, 2H)7.2 (m, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.6 (m, 1H) 7.7 (m, 4H) 7.8 (m, 2H)8.0 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) 8.1 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H) 8.3 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H).

Step 6B: Hydrolysis ofD-2-[4′-(Benzothiazol-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester was carried out according to procedures in Step 6B forExample 3.42 in quantitative yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8(dd, J=12.4, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.3, 5.8 Hz, 1H) 5.7 (s,2H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.6 (m, 1H) 7.7 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H)7.8 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 4H) 8.0 (dd, J=9.1, 4.5 Hz, 2H) 8.1 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H).97%.

Examples 3.50, 3.51, 3.52, 3.53, 3.54, 3.55, 3.56 were made based onScheme 6B.

Example 3.50

2-[4′-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-ylmemethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.778 (d, 3H), 0.845 (d, 3H), 1.99 (dd, 1H),3.17 (bs, 1H), 4.24 (s, 4H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 6.91 (m, 3H), 7.10 (d, 2H),7.68 (d, 2H); ES+m/z 496.0 (M−H); HRMS (C26H27NO7S): calcd; 520.14004;found; 520.13995 (M+Na).

Example 3.51

3-Methyl-2-[4′-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.800 (d, 3H), 0.803 (d, 3H), 1.94 (m, 1H),3.51 (bs, 1H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 7.15 (d, 2H), 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.54 (d, 2H),7.71 (d, 2H), 7.83 (m, 3H), 8.59 (d, 2H); ES+m/z 441.2 (M+H); HRMS(C23H24N2O5S): calcd; 440.14004; found; 440.14037 (M+H).

Example 3.52

3-Methyl-2-[4′-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.800 (d, 3H), 0.803 (d, 3H), 1.95 (m, 1H),3.49 (bs, 1H), 5.23 (s, 2H), 7.16 (d, 2H), 7.45 (m, 1H), 7.71 (d, 2H),7.80 (m, 3H), 7.90 (d, 2H), 8.56 (d, 1H), 8.70 (bs, 1H); ES⁺ m/z 441.1(M+H); HRMS (C23H24N2O5S): calcd; 441.14787; found; 441.14617 (M+H).

Example 3.53

2-[4′-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.802 (d, 3H), 0.833 (d, 3H), 1.94 (m, 1H),3.54 (m, 1H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 6.88 (d, 2H), 7.24 (d, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H),7.58 (d, 2H), 7.66 (m, 1H), 7.78 (m, 4H), 8.03 (d, 1H); ES+m/z 480.1(M+H); HRMS (C25H25N3O5S): calcd; 480.15877; found; 480.15787 (M+H).

Example 3.54

2-[4′-(3-Methoxy-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.804 (d, 3H), 0.835 (d, 3H), 1.95 (m, 1H),3.54 (m, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 6.89 (m, 2H), 7.04 (m, 2H),7.13 (m, 2H), 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.58 (d, 1H), 7.69 (d, 2H), 7.80 (m, 1H),8.01 (d, 1H); ES⁺ m/z 470.1 (M+H); HRMS (C25H27NO6S): calcd; 470.16319;found; 470.16183 (M+H).

Example 3.55

2-[4′-(4-Methoxy-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.805 (d, 3H), 0.836 (d, 3H), 1.94 (m, 1H),3.54 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 6.96 (d, 2H), 7.12 (d, 2H),7.40 (d, 2H), 7.69 (d, 2H), 7.80 (s, 3H), 8.01 (d, 1H); ES+m/z 468.2(M−H); HRMS (C25H27NO6S): calcd; 470.16319; found; 470.16248 (M+H)

Example 3.56

2-[4′-(3,5-Dimethoxy-benzyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.804 (d, 3H), 0.835 (d, 3H), 1.95 (m, 1H),3.55 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 6H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 6.45 (bs, 1H), 6.62 (bs, 2H),7.12 (d, 2H), 7.70 (d, 2H), 7.80 (s, 3H), 8.01 (d, 1H); ES+m/z 498.2(M−H); HRMS (C26H29NO7S): calcd; 500.17375; found; 500.17223 (M+H).

Example 3.57 was made based on Scheme 7.

Example 3.57

3-Methyl-2-(4′-vinyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-butyric acid tert-butylester

Step 7A: 4-Vinylphenylboronic acid (1.89 g, 12.7 mmol, 1 equiv.) and2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid tert-butyl ester(5 g, 12.7 mmol, 1 equiv.) were dissolved in ethylene glycol dimethylether (180 mL) and added with Pd(Ph₃)₄ (736.0 mg, 0.64 mmol) and stirredat room temperature for 20 min. Then to the reaction mixture wasintroduced an aqueous solution of K₂CO₃ (3.52 g, 25.5 mmol, 2 equiv.)and heat to reflux overnight. After cool to room temperature, solventwas evaporated and the residue partitioned between EtOAC and H₂O.Organic layer washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and purified bycolumn chromatography (Silica gel, 10% EtOAc/Hexane) to yield 808 mg ofG9058-169 in 15.2% yield.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.80 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.95 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.12 (s, 9H) 1.99 (m, 1H) 3.59 (dd, J=9.85, 4.55 Hz, 1H)5.06 (d, J=10.11 Hz, 1H) 5.25 (d, J=10.86 Hz, 1H) 5.75 (d, J=16.93 Hz,1H) 6.70 (m, 1H) 7.45 (m, 4H) 7.61 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.82 (d, J=8.84Hz, 2H).

Step 7B: 3-Methyl-2-(4′-vinyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (300 mg, 0.72 mmol, 1.2 equiv.), Pd₂(dba)₃ (11 mg,0.012 mmol, 0.02 equiv.), Tri-t-butylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate (14mg, 0.048 mmol, 0.08 equiv.) and dioxane (1.5 mL) were placed in amicrowave tube under N₂. 2-Bromo-1-Benzofuran (118 mg, 0.6 mmol, 1equiv) and dicyclohexyl methyl amine (0.15 mL, 0.72 mmol, 1.2 equiv.)were injected. The mixture was then irradiated in microwave reactor at180° C. for 30 min. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and H₂O,organic layer dried over MgSO₄. Crude residue purified by columnchromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/Hexane) to afford 80 mg of2-[4′-(2-Benzofuran-2-yl-vinyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester. (G9058-171) in 25% yield.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 8 ppm 0.80 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.96 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.14 (s, 9H) 2.01 (m, 1H) 3.60 (dd, J=9.98, 4.42 Hz, 1H)5.07 (d, J=9.85 Hz, 1H) 6.66 (s, 1H) 7.01 (d, J=15.92 Hz, 1H) 7.14 (m,1H) 7.25 (m, 2H) 7.42 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H) 7.52 (m, 5H) 7.64 (d, J=8.59Hz, 2H) 7.84 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H).

Step 7C:2-[4′-(2-Benzofuran-2-yl-vinyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester (80 mg) in dichloroethane (4.5 mL) was added withto TFA (1.5 mL) and stirred at room temperature. The reaction wascomplete after 3 hrs as determined by TLC. After removing solvent, thecrude residue was then purified by column chromatography (5-10%MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to give 22 mg of2-[4′-(2-Benzofuran-2-yl-vinyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid G9058-172 in 30.7% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.79 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.86 (d, J=6.82Hz, 3H) 1.23 (s, 2H) 2.02 (m, 1H) 3.18 (m, 1H) 7.01 (s, 1H) 7.25 (t,J=7.07 Hz, 1H) 7.33 (m, 1H) 7.38 (d, J=14.65 Hz, 1H) 7.59 (d, J=8.08 Hz,1H) 7.64 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H) 7.79 (d, J=6.57 Hz, 4H) 7.83 (d, J=8.59 Hz,2H) 7.90 (m, 2H).

Example 3.58 was made based on Scheme 8.

Example 3.58

N-({4′-[2-4-methylisoquinolin-3-yl)ethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}sulfonyl)-D-valine

Step 8A2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid tert-butylester (10.65 g, 27.1 mmol, 1 equiv.),4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenol (5.97 g, 27.1mmol, 1 equiv), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (1.57 g, 1.4 mmol, 0.05 equiv.) were dissolvedin ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (210 mL) under N₂ atmosphere andstirred at room temperature for 30 min. Then K₂CO₃ (7.5 g, 54.3 mmol, 2equiv.) in H₂O (70 mL) was introduced to the reaction mixture and heatto reflux overnight. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. Solventwas removed by rotovap and the residue partitioned betweendichloromethane and brine. Organic layered dried over MgSO₄, solventremoved, crude purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 30%EtOAc/n-Hexane) to give 7.1 g of2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid tert-butylester in 65% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D)

ppm 0.79 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.95 (d, J=6.57 Hz, 3H) 1.13 (s, 9H) 1.51(s, 1H) 1.99 (m, 1H) 3.59 (dd, J=10.11, 4.55 Hz, 1H) 5.06 (d, J=9.85 Hz,1H) 6.86 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.38 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.55 (d, J=8.59 Hz,2H) 7.79 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H).

Step 8B: 2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (330 mg, 0.81 mmol) was dissolved in 20 mL of drymethylene chloride and cool to 0° C. NaH (83 mg, 60% in oil, 2.0 mmol,2.5 equiv.) was added under N2 and the mixture was stirred for 15 min.Triflic anhydride (251 mg, 0.89 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) was injected and themixture was warm to room temperature for 1 h. TLC indicated the reactionwas complete. The reaction mixture was diluted with methylene chlorideand neutralized with 1N HCl. Mixture was washed with water, brine, anddried over MgSO4. Regular column chromatography (40% EtOAc/hexane) toafford 314 mg of desired product in 72% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.87 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.03 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.21 (s, 9H) 2.01-2.20 (m, 1H) 3.68 (dd, J=9.85, 4.55 Hz,1H) 5.18 (d, J=10.11 Hz, 1H) 7.39 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.64 (dd, J=13.52,8.72 Hz, 4H) 7.93 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H).

Step 8C: The reaction tube was filled with triflate (300 mg, 0.56 mmol)from Step 8B, lithium chloride (24 mg, 0.56 mmol, 1 eq.), CuI (11 mg,0.05 mmol, 10%), and PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (19.6 mg, 0.028 mmol, 5%) undernitrogen followed by the addition of DMF (5 mL).t-butyldimethylacetylene (235 mg, 1.68 mmol, 3 eq.) and diethylamine(409 mg, 5.6 mmol, 10 eq.) were injected. The tube was irradiated inmicrowave reactor at 125° C. for 10 min. Starting materials wereconsumed as determined by TLC. Mixture was partitioned between ethylacetate and water. Organic phase collected and regular work-up andcolumn chromatography to give 270 mg of desired acetylenic producttert-butylN-[(4′-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]ethynyl}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valinatein 92% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.00 (s, 6H) 0.66 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.81 (s, 9H) 0.82 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.98 (s, 9H)1.75-1.98 (m, 1H.) 3.46 (dd, J=9.85, 4.55 Hz, 1H) 4.93 (d, J=9.85 Hz,1H) 7.27-7.32 (m, 2H) 7.33-7.39 (m, 2H) 7.47 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.70 (d,J=8.84 Hz, 2H).

Step 8D: tert-butylN-[(4′-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]ethynyl}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valinate(600 mg, 1.14 mmol) was dissolved in THF (8 mL) and added with TBAF (1.7mL, 1M, 1.7 mmol, 1.5 eq). The solution was stirred at room temperaturefor half hour and the reaction was complete. Solvent removed and theresidue was purified with column chromatography (silica gel, 20%EtOAc/hexane). 469 mg of product tert-butylN-[(4′-ethyny-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valinate was isolated inquantitative yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.86 (d, J=6.82Hz, 2H) 1.02 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 2H) 1.20 (s, 9H) 1.88-2.29 (m, 1H) 3.17 (s,1H) 3.67 (dd, J=9.85, 4.55 Hz, 1H) 5.14 (d, J=10.111 Hz, 1H) 7.52 (d,J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.56-7.62 (m, 2H) 7.67 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.91 (d, J=8.59Hz, 2H).

Step 8E tert-butyl N-[(4′-ethyny-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valinate(117 mg, 0.28 mmol), 2-chloro-3-methylisoquinoline (60 mg, 0.34 mmol,1.2 eq), CuI (5.3 mg, 0.028 mmol, 10%), and PdCl2(PPh3)₂ (9.8 mg, 0.014mmol, 5%) were placed in a reaction tube under N₂ and added with DMF (4mL) and 10 eq. of diethyl amine. The mixture was irradiated at 125° C.for 10 min. Reaction was complete as determined by LCMS. Dilute themixture with EtOAc and washed with water 3 times, brine once then driedover MgSO4. Column chromatography (silica gel, 30% EtOAc/hexane) toprovide 120 mg of desired product tert-butylN-({4′-[(4-methylisoquinolin-3-yl)ethynyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}sulfonyl)-D-valinatein 76% yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.86 (dd, J=8.59, 6.82 Hz,6H) 1.17 (s, 9H) 1.94 (m, 1H) 2.67 (s, 3H) 3.50 (dd, J=10.61, 7.33 Hz,1H) 7.62 (t, J=7.45 Hz, 1H) 7.69-7.78 (m, 1H) 7.80-7.85 (m, 4H) 7.87 (d,J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.90-7.97 (m, 2H) 8.00 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H) 8.20 (d, J=9.60Hz, 1H) 8.30 (s, 1H).

Step 8F: tert-butylN-({4′-[(4-methylisoquinolin-3-yl)ethynyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}sulfonyl)-D-valinate(46 mg, 0.08 mmol) was dissolved in 25 mL of methanol and added withcatalytic amount of Pd/C (8.5 mg, 10% weight on Carbon, 0.008 mmol). Thehydrogenation was carried out in a Parr shaker bottle under H2 (50 PSI).Reaction was terminated after 5 hours and LCMS indicated the reactionwas complete. The mixture was filtered through Celite and concentratedto the desired product G8594-178 in quantitative yield (46 mg). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 0.77-0.93 (m, 6H) 1.15 (s, 9H) 1.85-2.06 (m,1H) 2.51 (s, 3H) 3.13-3.28 (m, 2H) 3.25-3.39 (m, 2H) 3.47 (d, J=8.84 Hz,1H) 7.47 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 2H) 7.52 (t, J=7.45 Hz, 1H) 7.59-7.71 (m, 3H)7.76-7.90 (m, 4H) 7.97 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 1H) 8.06 (s, 1H) 8.15 (s, 1H).

Step 8G: tert-butylN-({4′-[2-(4-methylisoquinolin-3-yl)ethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}sulfonyl-D-valinate(46 mg, 0.08 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of dry methylene chloridefollowed by the addition of 2.5 mL of TFA. The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 3 hrs and TLC indicated the reaction was complete.Solvent was removed by rotavap and the product dried in vacuum ovenovernight. 44 mg of productN-({4′-[2-(4-methylisoquinolin-3-yl)ethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}sulfonyl-D-valinewas obtained in 95% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) 8 ppm 0.83 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.88 (d, J=6.82 Hz,3H) 1.80-2.13 (m, 1H) 2.57 (s, 3H) 3.15 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 2H) 3.45-3.55 (m,2H) 3.60 (d, J=5.56 Hz, 1H) 7.25 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 2H) 7.53 (d, J=8.08 Hz,2H) 7.65 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H) 7.81 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 3H) 7.98 (t, J=7.58 Hz,1H) 8.02-8.09 (m, 1H) 8.13 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H) 8.83 (s, 1H).

Example 3.59 was made based on Scheme 9.

Example 3.59

D-2-[4′-(Acetylamino-methyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

Step 9A: Combined 4-aminomethyl phenyl boronic acid (143 mg, 0.77 mmol,1 eq), D-2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (300 mg, 0.77 mmol, 1 eq), palladium tetrakis (44 mg,0.038 mmol, 0.05 eq) in dimethoxy ethane (10 mL) and stirred at roomtemperature for 10 min. Potassium carbonate (212 mg, 1.53 mmol, 2 eq) in4 mL of water was added to the reaction mixture and heated at 88° C. for4 hrs. The reaction is then cool to room temperature and diluted withethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate andstripped to dryness. Residue is purified via flash chromatography onsilica gel eluting with 4-10% MeOH in methylene chloride with 2% Et₃N toobtain 200 mg ofD-2-(4′-Aminomethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester. Yield: 63%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.9 (dd,J=8.1, 7.1 Hz, 6H) 1.1 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H) 3.8 (s,2H) 7.5 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H) 7.6 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 4H).

Step 9B: To acetic anhydride (71 uL, 0.75 mmol, 1.05 eq.) in CH₂Cl₂ (5mL) was added with pyridine (70 uL, 0.86 mmol, 1.2 eq.) under argon andstirred for 5 min, thenD-2-(4′-Aminomethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (300 mg, 0.72 mmol, 1 eq.) was added and stirred for 16hours. After work-up and flash column chromatography,D-2-[4′-(Acetylamino-methyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was obtained. Yield: 32%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=9.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 0.9 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H) 1.2 (s,9H) 1.3 (m, 2H) 1.5 (m, 2H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 2.5 (m, 2H) 3.4 (dd, J=9.6, 6.3Hz, 1H) 7.0 (dd, 4H) 7.1 (m, 2H) 7.5 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=9.6 Hz,1H) 8.6 (s, 1H).

Step 9C: To a solution ofD-2-[4′-(Acetylamino-methyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester (300 mg, 0.65 mmol) in 6 mL of dichloroethane wasadded 3 mL of trifluoroacetic acid. The reaction mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 4 hrs and reaction was complete as determined byTLC. Solvent removed and residue dried over vacuum oven to obtain 250 mgofD-2-[4′-(Acetylamino-methyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid. Yield: 94%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=12.5, 6.7Hz, 6H) 1.9 (s, 3H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.3, 5.8 Hz, 1H) 4.3 (d,J=5.8 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (s, 4H)8.1 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H) 8.4 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H) 12.6 (s, 1H).

Example 3.60 and 3.61 were made based on Scheme 10

Example 3.60

D-3-Methyl-2-(4′-phenylcarbamoylmethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-butyricacid

Step 10A: A mixture of 4-Bromophenylacetic acid (1.5 g, 7.0 mmol, 1eq.), EDC (2.67 g, 14.0 mmol, 2 eq.), DMAP (846 mg, 7.0 mmol, 1 eq.),and phenylamine (0.765 mL, 8.4 mmol, 1.2 eq.) in 15 mL of DMF wasstirred under nitrogen at room temperature for 3.5 hrs. After aqueousworkup and recrystallization, 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-N-phenyl-acetamide wasobtained in 69% yield (1.4 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 3.6 (s,2H) 7.0 (m, 1H) 7.3 (m, 4H) 7.5 (m, 2H) 7.6 (dd, J=8.7, 1.1 Hz, 2H) 10.2(s, 1H).

Step 10B: A mixture of 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-N-phenyl-acetamide (107 mg,0.37 mmol, 1.1 eq.),D-3-Methyl-2-(4-tributylstannanyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (202 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1 eq.), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (38.5 mg,0.033 mmol, 0.1 eq.) in 5 mL of toluene was heated to reflux undernitrogen. Reaction was complete after 5 hrs. Regular work-up and columnpurification,D-3-Methyl-2-(4′-phenylcarbamoylmethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was obtained in 34% yield (60 mg). 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.9 (dd, J=8.3, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.1 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H)3.5 (dd, J=9.6, 6.3 Hz, 1H) 3.7 (s, 2H) 7.0 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) 7.3 (m,2H) 7.5 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H) 7.6 (dd, J=8.6, 1.0 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=8.3 Hz,2H) 7.8 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 4H) 8.1 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H) 10.2 (s, 1H).

Step 10C: Removal of t-butyl ester ofD-3-Methyl-2-(4′-phenylcarbamoylmethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was done using TFA in dichloroethane (1:1). Afterevaporation of solvent,D-3-Methyl-2-(4′-phenylcarbamoylmethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-butyricacid was obtained in quantitative yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm0.8 (dd, J=27.0, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.6 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H) 3.6 (s,2H) 7.0 (m, 1H) 7.2 (m, 2H) 7.4 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (dd, J=8.7, 1.1Hz, 2H) 7.6 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (dd, J=48.0, 8.6 Hz, 4H).

Example 3.61

D-2-[4′-(Benzylcarbamoyl-methyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

Step 10A: Amide coupling of 4-Bromophenylacetic acid with benzylaminewas done according to procedures in Step 10A for Example 3.60 to giveN-Benzyl-2-(4-bromo-phenyl)-acetamide in 82% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-D6) δ ppm 3.5 (s, 2H) 4.3 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H) 7.2 (dd, J=7.8, 5.6 Hz,5H) 7.3 (m, 2H) 7.5 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H) 8.6 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H).

Step 10B: Stille coupling of N-Benzyl-2-(4-bromo-phenyl)-acetamide withD-3-Methyl-2-(4-tributylstannanyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-butyric acidtert-butyl ester was carried out according to procedures in Step 10B forExample 3.60 to giveD-2-[4′-(Benzylcarbamoyl-methyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester in 31% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm0.9 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H) 1.0 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H) 1.2 (s, 9H) 2.1 (m, 1H) 3.7(m, 3H) 4.5 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H) 5.1 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H) 5.7 (s, 1H) 7.3 (m,5H) 7.4 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H)7.9 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H).

Step 10C: Removal of t-butyl ester was done according to procedures inStep 10C for Example 3.60 in quantitative yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD)δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=26.3, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.5 (s, 2H) 3.6 (d, J=5.6Hz, 1H) 4.3 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H) 7.2 (m, 5 H) 7.3 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H) 7.5 (d,J=8.3 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 8.5 (s, 1H).

Examples 3.62, 3.63, 3.64, 3.65, 3.66, 3.67, 3.68, 3.69, 3.70, 3.71,3.72, 3.73, 3.74, 3.75, 3.76, 3.77, 3.78, 3.79, 3.80 were made based onScheme 11.

Example 3.62

2-[4′-(4-Fluoro-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

Step 11A: 2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (300 mg, 0.74 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in diethylether (7.5 mL), followed by the addition of 4-fluorophenylisocyanate(101 mg, 0.74 mmol, 1 equiv.) and Et₃N (1 mL). The reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 50 min. Solid precipitated from thereaction mixture. Solid was collected by filtration and washed withether to yield2-[4′-(4-Fluoro-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester in 57% yield (228 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.87 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.03 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.20 (s, 9H) 2.05 (m, 1H) 3.67 (dd, J=9.98, 4.42 Hz, 1H)5.13 (d, J=9.85 Hz, 1H) 6.95 (s, 1H) 7.05 (d, J=9.09 Hz, 2H) 7.30 (d,J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.43 (m, 2H) 7.57 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.67 (s, 2H) 7.90(d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H).

Step 11B:2-[4′-(4-Fluoro-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester (223 mg) was dissolved in dichloroethane (7.5 mL)and added with TFA (2.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 5 hrs and TLC indicated the reaction was complete. Regular work-upand column chromatography to give2-[4′-(4-Fluoro-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid in 89% yield (178 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.81 (d, J=6.57 Hz, 3H) 0.84 (d, J=6.82Hz, 3H) 1.96 (m, 1H) 3.56 (dd, J=9.35, 6.06 Hz, 1H) 7.19 (t, J=8.84 Hz,2H) 7.37 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.54 (dd, J=9.09, 4.80 Hz, 2H) 7.79 (d,J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.86 (d, J=4.29 Hz, 4H) 8.08 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 1H) 10.34 (s,1H).

Example 3.63

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-phenoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-phenoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.62.

Step 11A: Reaction of 4-phenoxyphenyl isocyanate withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid-tert-butyl ester to obtainD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-phenoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 11A forExample 3.62. Yield: 36%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) □ ppm 0.9 (dd,J=8.2, 6.9 Hz, 6H) 1.2 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.6, 6.3 Hz, 1H)7.0 (dd, J=8.6, 1.0 Hz, 2H) 7.0 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.1 (m, 1H) 7.4 (m,4H) 7.5 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (m, 4H) 8.2 (d,J=9.6 Hz, 1H) 10.3 (s, 1H).

Step 11B: Conversion ofD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-phenoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid tert-butyl ester toD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-phenoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 11B for Example 3.62.Yield: 87%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=12.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H)1.9 (m, 1H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H) 7.0 (m, 2H) 7.0 (d, J=9.1 Hz,2H) 7.1 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H) 7.4 (m, 4H) 7.5 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 4H) 8.1 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H) 10.3 (s, 1H).

Example 3.64

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-2-ylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-2-ylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.62.

Step 11A: Reaction of 2-naphthyl isocyanate withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid-tert-butyl ester to obtainD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-2-ylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 11A forExample 3.62. Yield: 16%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) □ ppm 0.9 (dd,J=8.2, 6.9 Hz, 6H) 1.2 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.9, 6.3 Hz, 1H)7.4 (m, 3H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.6 (dd, J=8.8, 2.3 Hz, 1H) 7.8 (d, J=8.8 Hz,2H) 7.9 (m, 7H) 8.1 (s, 1H) 8.2 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H) 10.5 (s, 1H).

Step 11B: Conversion ofD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-2-ylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid tert-butyl ester toD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-2-ylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 11B for Example 3.62.Yield: 40%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=12.5, 6.7 Hz, 6H)2.0 (m, 1H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.1, 5.8 Hz, 1H) 7.4 (m, 3H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.6 (dd,J=8.8, 2.3 Hz, 1H) 7.9 (m, 9H) 8.1 (m, 2H) 10.5 (s, 1H) 12.6 (s, 1H).

Example 3.65

D-2-[4′-(4-Benzyloxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-2-[4′-(4-Benzyloxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.62.

Step 11A: Reaction of 4-benzyloxyphenyl isocyanate withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid-tert-butyl ester to obtainD-2-[4′-(4-Benzyloxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 11A forExample 3.62. Yield: 37%. NMR: G8701-142. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δppm 0.9 (dd, J=8.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.2 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.9,6.3 Hz, 1H) 5.1 (s, 2H) 7.0 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (m, 9H) 7.7 (d, J=8.8Hz, 2H) 7.9 (m, 4H) 8.2 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H) 10.1 (s, 1H).

Step 11B: Conversion ofD-2-[4′-(4-Benzyloxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester toD-2-[4′-(4-Benzyloxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 11B for Example 3.62.Yield: 60%. NMR: G8701-151. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd,J=12.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H) 5.1 (s, 2H)7.0 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (m, 9H) 7.8 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (m, 4H) 8.1(d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H) 10.1 (s, 1H).

Example 3.66

D-2-(4′-Cyclopentylcarbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-2-(4′-Cyclopentylcarbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.62.

Step 11A: Reaction of cyclopentyl isocyanate withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid-tert-butyl ester to obtainD-2-(4′-Cyclopentylcarbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 11A forExample 3.62. Yield: 70%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.9 (dd,J=8.1, 7.1 Hz, 6H) 1.2 (s, 9H) 1.5 (m, 4H) 1.7 (m, 2H) 1.8 (m, 2H) 1.9(m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.6, 6.3 Hz, 1H) 3.9 (m, 1H) 7.2 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H)7.7 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (m, 5H) 8.2 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H).

Step 11B: Conversion ofD-2-(4′-Cyclopentylcarbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester toD-2-(4′-Cyclopentylcarbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 11B for Example 3.62.Yield: 91%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (m, 6H) 1.5 (m, 4H) 1.7(d, J=4.5 Hz, 2H) 1.8 (m, 2H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H)3.9 (m, 1H) 7.2 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (s, 5H) 8.1(d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H) 12.6 (s, 1H).

Example 3.67

D-2-[4′-(4-Dimethylamino-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-2-[4′-(4-Dimethylamino-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.62.

Step 11A: Coupling of 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl isocyanate withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid-tert-butyl ester to obtainD-2-[4′-(4-Dimethylamino-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 11A forExample 3.62. Yield: 28%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.9 (dd,J=8.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.2 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 2.8 (s, 6H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.6,6.3 Hz, 1H) 6.7 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.3 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 4H) 7.7 (d, J=8.6Hz, 2H) 7.8 (m, 4H) 8.2 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H) 9.9 (s, 1H).

Step 11B: Conversion ofD-2-[4′-(4-Dimethylamino-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester toD-2-[4′-(4-Dimethylamino-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 11B for Example 3.62.Yield: 99%. NMR: G8701-161. 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm 0.8 (dd,J=23.7, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.1 (s, 6H) 3.6 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H) 7.2(d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 3H) 7.6 (m, 6H) 7.8 (d, J=8.8 Hz,2H).

Example 3.68

D-2-[4′-(4-Isopropyl-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

The title compound,D-2-[4′-(4-Isopropyl-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.62.

Step 11A: Reaction of 4-isopropylphenyl isocyanate withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid-tert-butyl ester to obtainD-2-[4′-(4-Isopropyl-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 11A forExample 3.62. Yield: 38%. NMR: G8701-158. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δppm 0.9 (dd, J=8.3, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.2 (m, 15H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 2.8 (m, 1H) 3.5(dd, J=9.9, 6.3 Hz, 1H) 7.2 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.4(d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (m, 4H) 8.2 (d, J=9.9 Hz,1H) 10.2 (s, 1H).

Step 11B: Conversion ofD-2-[4′-(4-Isopropyl-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester toD-2-[4′-(4-Isopropyl-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 11B for Example 3.62.Yield: 34%. NMR: G8701-165. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 0.8 (dd,J=12.4, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.2 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 2.8 (m, 1H) 3.6(dd, J=9.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H) 7.2 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.4(d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (m, 4H) 8.1 (d, J=9.3 Hz,1H) 10.2 (s, 1H) 12.6 (s, 1H).

Example 3.69

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-thiophen-2-yl-ethylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-thiophen-2-yl-ethylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.62.

Step 11A: Reaction of 2-(2-thienyl)ethyl isocyanate withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid-tert-butyl ester to obtainD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-thiophen-2-yl-ethylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 11A forExample 3.62. Yield: 63%. NMR: G8701-169. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δppm 0.9 (dd, J=8.3, 7.1 Hz, 6H) 1.2 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.0 (t, J=7.1Hz, 2H) 3.3 (m, 2H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.6, 6.3 Hz, 1H) 7.0 (m, 2H) 7.2 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (dd, J=5.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H) 7.7 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d,J=2.3 Hz, 4H) 8.0 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H) 8.2 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H).

Step 11B: Conversion ofD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-thiophen-2-yl-ethylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid tert-butyl ester toD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(2-thiophen-2-yl-ethylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 11B for Example 3.62.Yield: 43%. NMR: G8701-175. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd,J=12.4, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.0 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H) 3.3 (m, 2H) 3.6(dd, J=9.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H) 6.9 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H) 7.0 (dd, J=5.1, 3.3 Hz,1H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (dd, J=5.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H) 7.7 (d, J=8.6 Hz,2H) 7.8 (s, 4H) 8.0 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H) 8.1 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.70

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.62.

Step 11A: Reaction of 4-methoxyphenyl isocyanate withD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid-tert-butyl ester to obtainD-2-[4′-(4-Methoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester was done according to procedures in Step 11A forExample 3.62. Yield: 49%. NMR: G8701-199. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δppm 0.9 (dd, J=8.3, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.2 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.9,6.3 Hz, 1H) 3.7 (s, 3H) 6.9 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.4(d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (m, 4H) 8.2 (d, J=9.9 Hz,1H) 10.1 (s, 1H).

Step 11B: Reaction ofD-2-[4′-(4-Methoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester toD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 11B for Example 3.62.Yield: 91%. NMR: G9241-4. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd,J=12.6, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.3, 5.8 Hz, 1H) 3.7 (s, 3H)6.9 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8(d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (m, 4H) 8.1 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H) 10.1 (s, 1H) 12.6(s, 1H).

Example 3.72

D-2-(4′-Carbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid

The title compound,D-2-(4′-Carbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid,was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.62.

Step 11A: To a solution ofD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid-tert-butyl ester (500 mg, 1.23 mmol, 1 eq.) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) wereadded with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (107 uL, 1.23 mmol, 1 eq.) underargon and stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. Reaction wascomplete as determined by TLC. After work-up and flash columnchromatography,D-2-(4′-Carbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester was obtained. Yield: 45%. NMR: G9241-38. ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.9 (dd, J=8.3, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.1 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H)3.5 (dd, J=9.9, 6.3 Hz, 1H) 7.2 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H)7.8 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 4H) 8.2 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H).

Step 11B: Conversion ofD-2-(4′-Carbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester toD-2-(4′-Carbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid wasdone according to procedures in Step 11B for Example 3.62. Yield: 85%.NMR: G9241-46. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=12.4, 6.8 Hz,6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.3, 5.8 Hz, 1H) 7.0 (s, 1H) 7.2 (m, 3H) 7.7(d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (s, 4H) 8.1 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.71

D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

The title compound,D-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid, was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example3.62.

Step 11A: To a solution ofD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid-tert-butyl ester (300 mg, 0.74 mmol, 1 eq.) in diethyl ether (10mL) were added with 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl isocyanate (123 uL, 0.81mmol, 1.1 eq.) and triethylamine (124 uL, 0.89 mmol, 1.2 eq.) underargon and stirred at room temperature. After reaction complete, regularwork-up and flash column chromatography to provideD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid tert-butyl ester in 37% yield. NMR: G8701-200. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-D6) □ ppm 0.9 (dd, J=8.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.2 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5(dd, J=9.9, 6.3 Hz, 1 NMR: G8701-200. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm0.9 (dd, J=8.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.2 (s, 9H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.9, 6.3Hz, 1H) 7.4 (m, 4H) 7.6 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (m,4H) 8.2 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H) 10.5 (s, 1H).

Step 11B: Conversion ofD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid tert-butyl ester toD-3-Methyl-2-[4′-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid was done according to procedures in Step 11B for Example 3.62.Yield: 76%. NMR: G9241-5. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd,J=12.4, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.6 (dd, J=9.3, 5.8 Hz, 1H) 7.4 (m, 4H)7.6 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H) 7.9 (m, 4H) 8.1 (d, J=9.3Hz, 1H) 10.5 (s, 1H).

Example 3.73

3-Methyl-2-(4′-phenylcarbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-butyric acidtert-butyl ester

The title compound,3-Methyl-2-(4′-phenylcarbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-butyric acidtert-butyl ester, was prepared according to procedures similar to thatof Example 3.62.

Step 11A: 2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (300 mg, 0.74 mmol, 1 equiv) was dissolved in diethylether (7.5 mL), added with phenylisocyanate (0.08 mL, 0.74 mmol, 1equiv) followed by Et₃N (1 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 4hours. Solid precipitated from the reaction mixture was collected byfiltration, washed with ether to afford with 76% yield (295 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.87 (d, J=7.07 Hz, 3H) 1.03 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.20 (s, 9H) 2.07 (m, 1H) 3.67 (dd, J=9.98, 4.42 Hz, 1H)5.13 (d, J=9.85 Hz, 1H) 6.96 (s, 1H) 7.14 (m, 1H) 7.31 (d, J=8.59 Hz,2H) 7.36 (m, 2H) 7.47 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H) 7.58 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.66(d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H) 7.91 (m, 2H).

Step 11B:3-Methyl-2-(4′-phenylcarbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (200 mg) was hydrolyzed according procedures in Step11B for Example 3.62 to afford3-Methyl-2-(4′-phenylcarbamoyloxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-butyric acidin 88% yield (158 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.82 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.85 (d, J=6.57Hz, 3H) 1.95 (m, 1H) 3.56 (dd, J=9.22, 5.94 Hz, 1H) 3.90 (s, 1H) 7.07(m, 1H) 7.35 (m, 4H) 7.53 (d, J=7.83 Hz, 2H) 7.80 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H)7.86 (d, J=22.23 Hz, 4H) 8.08 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 1H) 10.29 (s, 1H).

Example 3.74

2-[4′-(Benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester

The title compound,2-[4′-(Benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester, was prepared according to procedures similar tothat of Example 3.62.

Step 11A: 2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (300 mg, 0.74 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) was dissolved indiethyl ether (7.5 mL), added with 1-Benzothiophene-3-yl isocyanate(129.6 mg, 0.74 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and 0.5 mL of Et₃N. Solid precipitatedfrom the reaction mixture in 5 min. The mixture was continued to stir atroom temperature for 2 hrs and the precipitate was collected byfiltration, washed with ether to give in 43% yield (187 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.87 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.03 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.20 (s, 9H) 2.08 (m, 1H) 3.68 (m, 1H) 5.15 (d, J=10.11Hz, 1H) 7.35 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H) 7.43 (m, 2H) 7.60 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H)7.67 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 3H) 7.74 (s, 1H) 7.90 (t, J=9.09 Hz, 3H).

Step 11B:2-[4′-(Benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester (180 mg, 0.31 mmol) was dissolved in methylenechloride under N₂ atmosphere, added with TFA (2 mL) at 0° C. and stirredfor 4 hrs. Solvent was evaporated and the product dried under highvacuum to give2-[4′-(Benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylcarbamoyloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid in 66% yield (108 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δppm 0.82 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.89 (d, J=6.82 Hz,3H) 1.20 (s, 1H) 3.54 (d, J=5.05 Hz, 1H) 7.30 (m, 2H) 7.35 (m, 2H) 7.58(s, 1H) 7.66 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.71 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.78 (d, J=7.83Hz, 1H) 7.84 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.92 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H)

Example 3.75

N-[(4′-{[2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ylamino)carbonyl]oxy}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valine

The title compound,N-[(4′-{[2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ylamino)carbonyl]oxy}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valine,was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.62.

Step 11A and 11B: Yield 40%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 0.80 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.85 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.98 (m, 1H) 3.17 (t, J=8.97 Hz,2H) 3.39 (s, 1H) 4.50 (t, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 6.72 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 1H) 7.19(d, J=8.84 Hz, 1H) 7.34 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.40 (s, 1H) 7.78 (d, J=8.59Hz, 2H) 7.85 (d, J=1.77 Hz, 4H) 10.05 (s, 1H).

Example 3.76

N-[(4′-{[(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylamino)carbonyl]oxy}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valine

The title compound,N-[(4′-{[(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylamino)carbonyl]oxy}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valine,was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.62.

Step 11A and: Yield 62%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.80 (d, J=6.82Hz, 3H) 0.85 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.98 (m, 1H) 3.42 (s, 1H) 4.21 (m, 4H)6.81 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 1H) 6.94 (d, J=10.86 Hz, 1H) 7.09 (s, 1H) 7.34 (d,J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.78 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 3H) 7.85 (d, J=1.77 Hz, 4H) 10.11 (s,1H).

Example 3.77

N-[(4′-{[(3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodioxepin-7-ylamino)carbonyl]oxy}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valine

The title compound,N-[(4′-{[(3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodioxepin-7-ylamino)carbonyl]oxy}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valine,was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.62.

Step 11A and 11B: Yield 55%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.80 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.85 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.97 (m, 1H) 2.08 (m, 2H) 3.45(s, 1H) 4.08 (m, 4H) 6.94 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H) 7.06 (d, J=2.53 Hz, 1H)7.18 (d, J=2.27 Hz, 1H) 7.35 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.79 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H)7.85 (d, J=3.79 Hz, 4H) 7.88 (s, 1H) 10.21 (s, 1H).

Example 3.78

N-[(4′-{[(5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)amino)carbonyl]oxy}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valine

The title compound,N-[(4′-{[(5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)amino)carbonyl]oxy}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valine,was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.62.

Step 11B: Yield 75%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, ACETONITRILE-D3) 8 ppm 0.63 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.74 (d, J=6.57 Hz, 3H) 1.83-1.88 (m, 1H) 2.20 (s, 1H)2.34 (m, 3H) 3.81 (s, 1H) 6.56 (s, 1H) 6.66 (s, 1H) 7.12 (d, J=7.83 Hz,1H) 7.45 (d, J=4.80 Hz, 4H) 7.59 (m, 4H) 7.68 (d, J=3.54 Hz, 2H) 7.80(d, J=8.08 Hz, 2H).

Example 3.79

N-[(4′-{[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valine

The title compound,N-[(4′-{[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valine,was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.62.

Step 11B: Yield 90%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) 8 ppm 0.80 (d, J=8.34 Hz,3H) 0.87 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.91-2.02 (m, 1H) 2.71 (s, 3H) 3.52 (d,J=5.05 Hz, 1H) 7.11 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.58 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.66 (d,J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.81 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H).

Example 3.80

N-[(4′-{[(1-benzofuran-2-ylamino)carbonyl]oxy}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)sulfonyl]-D-valine

Step 12A: 2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid(314 mg, 0.9 mmol) dissolved in methylene chloride (10 mL) and diethylether (20 mL) was added with benzofuran isocyanate (143 mg, 0.9 mmol, 1equiv) and triethyl amine (363 mg, 3.6 mmol, 4 equiv). The mixture wasstirred at room temperature overnight. Solid precipitated from reactionmixture was collected by filtration followed by column chromatography(silica gel, 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂). 76 mg of white solid was obtained in 16%yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.74-1.00 (m, 6H) 1.90-2.07 (m, 1H)3.22-3.48 (m, 1H) 6.86 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.10-7.28 (m, 2H) 7.33-7.62(m, 4H) 7.69-7.83 (m, 4H) 7.86 (s, 1H).

Examples 81 and 82 were made based on Scheme 13.

Example 81

D-3-Methyl-benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid4′-(1-carboxy-2-methyl-propylsulfamoyl)-biphenyl-4-yl ester

Step 13A: A mixture ofD-2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (305 mg, 0.75 mmol, 1 eq),3-Methyl-benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid (131 mg, 0.74 mmol, 1 eq),4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 95 mg, 0.77 mol, 1 eq), and1,3-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, 240 mg, 1.17 mmol, 1.6 eq) dissolvedin 5 mL of dichloromethane under nitrogen atmosphere was allowed toreact at room temperature for 3.5 hrs. Regular work-up and columnchromatography (10% EtOAc in hexane) to giveD-3-Methyl-benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid4′-(1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-propylsulfamoyl)-biphenyl-4-yl ester(300 mg) in 71% yield. NMR: G8475-101. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) 8ppm 0.9 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H) 1.0 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H) 1.2 (s, 9H) 2.1 (m, 1H)2.7 (s, 3H) 3.7 (dd, J=10.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H) 5.1 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H) 7.4 (m,3H) 7.5 (m, 1H) 7.6 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 3H) 7.7 (m, 3H) 7.9 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H).

Step 13B: Removal of t-butyl ester was done according to procedures inStep 11B for Example 3.62 in quantitative yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8 (dd, J=12.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 2.7 (s, 3H) 3.6(dd, J=9.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H) 7.4 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H) 7.5 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H) 7.6(t, J=8.2 Hz, 1H) 7.8 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H) 7.9 (m, 7H) 8.1 (d, J=9.3 Hz,1H).

Example 3.82

Benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid4′-(1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-propylsulfamoyl)-biphenyl-4-yl ester

The title compound, Benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid4′-(1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-propylsulfamoyl)-biphenyl-4-yl ester,was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.81.

Step 13A: 2-Benzofuran carbocarboxylic acid (400.5 mg, 2.47 mmol, 1equiv.) dissolved in dry CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was added with DCC (1.019 g,4.94 mmol, 2 equiv) and stirred under N₂ for 15 min. Then2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid tert-butylester (1.0 g, 2.47 mmol, 1 equiv.) was introduced to the reactionmixture, followed by the addition of DMAP (50 mg, 0.41 mmol,). Themixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The reactionmixture was then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ washed with H₂O and brine. Organiclayer dried over MgSO₄ and solvent removed to yield crude product.Residue was dissolved in EtOAc and purified by column chromatograph(silica gel, 20% EtOAc/n-Hexane) to afford G9058-53-1 in 30.5% yield(325 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.87 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.03 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.21 (s, 9H) 2.07 (m, 1H) 3.68 (dd, J=9.85, 4.55 Hz, 1H)5.15 (d, J=9.85 Hz, 1H) 7.37 (m, 3H) 7.53 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 1H) 7.66 (m,5H) 7.77 (m, 2H) 7.92 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H).

Step 13B: Benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid4′-(1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-propylsulfamoyl)-biphenyl-4-yl ester(325 mg) was dissolved in dichloromethane (15 mL) and added with TFA.The solution was stirred at room temperature for 7 hrs. Solvent wasremoved by rotovap and crude product purified by column chromatography(5-20% MeOH/EtOAc) to yield Benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid4′-(1-carboxy-2-methyl-propylsulfamoyl)-biphenyl-4-yl ester in 76% yield(241 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.80 (d, J=6.57 Hz, 3H) 0.87 (d, J=6.82Hz, 3H) 2.04 (m, 1H) 3.24 (m, 1H) 7.43 (t, J=7.58 Hz, 1H) 7.49 (d,J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.60 (t, J=7.96 Hz, 1H) 7.70 (d, J=9.85 Hz, 1H) 7.85 (m,7H) 8.08 (s, 1H).

Examples 3.83, 3.84, 3.85, 3.86, 3.87, 3.88, 3.89 were made based onScheme 14.

Example 3.83

3-Methyl-2-[4′-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid tert-butyl ester

Step 14A: 2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (100 mg, 0.25 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), 2-Chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridine (45.4 mg, 0.25 mmol, 1 equiv.), and K₂CO₃ (86.4 mg, 0.63mmol, 2.5 equiv) were mixed in DMF (8 mL) and heat to 110° C. for 4.5hr. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. Then the reactionmixture was cool to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc, washed withbrine and dried over MgSO₄. After removing solvent, crude product waspurified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/n-Hexane) toafford G9058-109-1 in 74% yield (100 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.80 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.96 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.14 (s, 9H) 2.01 (m, 1H) 3.61 (m, 1H) 5.07 (d, J=9.85Hz, 1H) 7.03 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H) 7.19 (s, 1H) 7.21 (s, 1H) 7.55 (d,J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.62 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.85 (d, J=2.02 Hz, 2H) 7.88 (d,J=6.06 Hz, 1H) 8.40 (s, 1H).

Step 14B:3-Methyl-2-[4′-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid tert-butyl ester (97 mg) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) and addedwith TFA (2 mL). Reaction was complete in 6 hrs as determined by TLC.After removing solvent, residue was purified by column chromatography(10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to afford3-Methyl-2-[4′-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid in 66% yield (54.5 mg).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm 0.81 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.88 (d, J=6.82 Hz,3H) 1.97 (m, 1H) 3.55 (d, J=5.31 Hz, 1H) 7.09 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H) 7.19(d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.68 (dd, J=114.65, 8.59 Hz, 4H) 7.83 (d, J=8.34 Hz,2H) 8.02 (d, J=11.37 Hz, 1H) 8.35 (d, J=2.53 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.84

3-Methyl-2-[4′-(quinolin-2-yloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyric acidtert-butyl ester

The title compound,3-Methyl-2-[4′-(quinolin-2-yloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyric acidtert-butyl ester, was prepared according to procedures similar to thatof Example 3.83.

Step 14A [9058-120-1]:2-(4′-Hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid tert-butylester (200 mg, 0.49 mmol, 1 equiv.), 2-Chloroquinoline (242 mg, 1.48mmol, 3 equiv) and Cs₂CO₃ (402 mg, 1.235 mmol, 2.5 equiv.) were mixed inDMF (8 mL) and stirred at 100° C. for 7 hrs. Reaction mixture was coolto room temperature then placed in an ice bath and added with water. Thesolid precipitated from the mixture was collected by filtration andwashed with water. After drying, 174 mg of yellow solid was obtained in66% yield.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.88 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.03 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.22 (s, 9H) 2.07 (m, 1H) 3.68 (dd, J=9.85, 4.55 Hz, 1H)5.15 (d, J=9.85 Hz, 1H) 7.15 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 1H) 7.38 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H)7.45 (m, 1H) 7.63 (m, 3H) 7.71 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.81 (t, J=8.72 Hz,2H) 7.91 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 8.17 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 1H).

Step 14B [9058-121-2]:3-Methyl-2-[4′-(quinolin-2-yloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (164 mg) was dissolved in dichloroethane (12 mL) andhydrolyzed with TFA (4 mL) at room temperature over a period of 4 hrs.Solvent was removed and crude was purified by column chromatography(Eluent 10% MeOH/DCE) to afford3-Methyl-2-[4′-(quinolin-2-yloxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyric acidin 58% yield (84.8 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm 0.82 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.88 (d, J=6.82 Hz,3H) 1.97 (m, 1H) 3.60 (d, J=5.56 Hz, 1H) 7.10 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 1H) 7.25(d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.39 (t, J=6.82 Hz, 1H) 7.56 (t, J=7.71 Hz, 1H) 7.63(d, J=0.51 Hz, 1H) 7.65 (d, J=1.26 Hz, 1H) 7.68 (m, 1H) 7.69 (d, J=2.27Hz, 1H) 7.72 (m, 1H) 7.74 (m, 1H) 7.79 (dd, J=7.83, 1.26 Hz, 1H) 7.82(m, 1H) 7.85 (m, 1H) 8.23 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.85

N-({4′-[(5-nitropyridin-2-yl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}sulfonyl)-D-valine

The title compound,N-({4′-[(5-nitropyridin-2-yl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}sulfonyl)-D-valine,was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.83.

Step 14A and 14B: Yield 60%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm 0.82 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.88 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.96 (m, 1H) 3.58 (d, J=5.31 Hz,1H) 7.11 (d, J=9.09 Hz, 1H) 7.22 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.70 (dd, J=1.87,8.84 Hz, 4H) 7.83 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 8.52 (dd, J=9.09, 2.78 Hz, 1H) 8.91(d, J=3.28 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.86

N-({4′-[(2,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-4-yl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}sulfonyl)-D-valine

The title compound,N-({4′-[(2,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-4-yl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}sulfonyl)-D-valine,was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.83.

Step 14A and 14B: Yield 82%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) 8 ppm 0.81 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.88 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.97 (m, 1H) 3.56 (d, J=5.31 Hz,1H) 3.78 (s, 3H) 3.85 (s, 3H) 5.73 (s, 1H) 7.18 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.66(d, J=8.84 Hz, 3H) 7.70 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 3H) 7.81 (s, 1H) 7.83 (s, 1H).

Example 3.87

N-({4′-[(4-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}sulfonyl)-D-valine

The title compound,N-({4′-[(4-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}sulfonyl)-D-valine,was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.83.

Step 14A and 14B: Yield 59%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) 8 ppm 0.80 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.85 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.97 (m, 1H) 3.47 (s, 1H) 7.24(d, J=5.81 Hz, 1H) 7.42 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.87 (d, 7H) 8.66 (d, J=5.56Hz, 1H).

Example 3.88

N-{[4′-(pyridin-2-yloxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]sulfonyl}-D-valine

The title compound,N-{[4′-(pyridin-2-yloxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]sulfonyl}-D-valine, wasprepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.83.

Step 14A and 14B: Yield 83%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.82 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.85 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.85-2.02 (m, 1H) 3.57 (dd,J=10.48, 4.67 Hz, 1H) 7.10 (d, J=9.85 Hz, 1H) 7.17 (dd, J=7.20, 4.93 Hz,1H) 7.26 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.79 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 2H) 7.82-7.95 (m, 4H)8.09 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 1H) 8.13-8.28 (m, 1H).

Example 3.89

N-{[4′-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yloxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]sulfonyl}-D-valine

The title compound,N-{[4′-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yloxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]sulfonyl}-D-valine,was prepared according to procedures similar to that of Example 3.83.

Step 14A and 14B: Yield 85%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.82 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.85 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.86-2.05 (m, 1H) 3.58 (dd,J=9.22, 5.94 Hz, 1H) 7.32 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 1H) 7.53 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H)7.61-7.73 (m, 3H) 7.81-7.99 (m, 6H) 8.10 (d, J=9.35 Hz, 1H).

Example 3.90 was made based on Scheme 15.

Example 3.90

N-({4′-[2-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}sulfonyl)-D-valine

Step 15A: (4-Bromophenyl)-acetic acid (5.0 g, 23.2 mmol, 1 eq.)dissolved in thionyl chloride (50 mL) was heat to reflux for 1 hr. undernitrogen atmosphere. The solution was cool to room temperature andsolvent was evaporated. Residue thus obtained was dissolved in anhydrousmethylene chloride and used in Step 1 SB.

Step 15B: Benzofuran-2-yl-trimethyl-silane (3.4 g, 17.86 mmol) wasdissolved in methylene chloride (40 mL) and cool to −78° C.4-Bromophenyl-acetyl chloride (19.65 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) was added at thistemperature. Under vigorous stirring, a solution of TiCl₄ (23 mL, 1M,23.2 mmol, 1.3 equiv.) in CH₂Cl₂ was added dropwise and stirringcontinued for 20 min. Then the reaction was quenched with H₂O (100 mL),cooling bath was removed and the mixture was allowed to warm up to roomtemperature. It was then diluted with H₂O (100 mL) and extracted withCH₂Cl₂ (3×). Organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried overMgSO₄, solvent evaporated. Crude product thus obtained was subject tocolumn purification. (silica gel, 10% EtOAC/Hexane). 980 mg of1-Benzofuran-2-yl-2-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethanone was obtained in 17% yield.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 4.34 (s, 2H) 7.34 (d, J=8.59 Hz,2H) 7.44 (d, 1H) 7.58 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.62 (d, J=5.81 Hz, 1H) 7.67(s, 1H) 7.71 (m, 1H) 7.84 (t, J=6.19 Hz, 1H).

Step 15C: A solution of3-Methyl-2-(4-tributylstannanyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (347.5 mg, 0.58 mmol, 1.0 equiv.),1-Benzofuran-2-yl-2-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethanone (200 mg, 0.64 mmol, 1.1equiv.) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (66 mg, 0.06 mmol, 10%) in anhydrous toluene (10mL) was heat to reflux for 7 hrs. Reaction was complete as determined byTLC. Solvent was removed by rotovap and crude product purified by columnchromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/n-Hexane) to afford2-[4′-(2-Benzofuran-2-yl-2-oxo-ethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester in 20% yield (62 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δ ppm 0.79 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.95 (d,J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 1.11 (s, 9H) 3.58 (dd, J=9.85, 4.55 Hz, 1H) 4.26 (s, 2H)5.05 (d, J=9.85 Hz, 1H) 7.26 (t, J=7.07 Hz, 1H) 7.43 (m, 5H) 7.56 (m,4H) 7.65 (d, J=7.83 Hz, 1H) 7.81 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H).

Step 15D:2-[4′-(2-Benzofuran-2-yl-2-oxo-ethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid tert-butyl ester (62 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL)and added with TFA (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 3 hrs. Solvent was removed, crude product was purifiedby column chromatography (10% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to afford2-[4′-(2-Benzofuran-2-yl-2-oxo-ethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid in 19% yield (10.7 mg).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.79 (d, J=6.82 Hz, 3H) 0.84 (m, J=6.82Hz, 3H) 1.97 (m, 1H) 3.33 (s, 1H) 4.42 (s, 2H) 7.39 (t, J=7.07 Hz, 1H)7.47 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 2H) 7.57 (t, J=8.59 Hz, 1H) 7.73 (m, 3H) 7.83 (d,4H) 7.88 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 1H) 8.13 (s, 1H) 10.08 (s, 1H).

Example 3.91 was made based on Scheme 16.

Example 3.91

D-2-[4′-(Benzofuran-2-sulfonylmethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

Step 16A: Starting material 2-[1,2,3]Thiadiazol-4-yl-phenol was preparedaccording to literature procedure (M. A. Abramov, W. Dehaen, B. D'hooge,M. L. Petrov, S. Smeets, S. Toppet and M. Voets Tetrahedron, 2000, 56,3933-3940). 2-[1,2,3]Thiadiazol-4-yl-phenol (241 mg, 1.35 mmol),2-(4-Bromomethyl-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane (406mg, 1.37 mmol, 1 eq), and K₂CO3 (396 mg, 2.87 mmol, 1.9 eq) was mixed in8 mL of CH3CN and heat to 90° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. Afterreaction was complete as monitored by TLC, the mixture was cooled toroom temperature and solvent evaporated. The resulting crude materialwas subject to column chromatography (20% EtOAc in hexane) to give2-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzylsulfanyl]-benzofuran(198 mg) in 40% yield. NMR: G8475-125. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-D) δppm 1.3 (s, 12H) 4.1 (s, 2H) 6.6 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H) 7.2 (m, 4H) 7.4 (d,J=7.8 Hz, 2H) 7.7 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H).

Step 16B: Suzuki coupling ofD-2-(4-Bromo-benzenesulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid methyl esterwith2-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzylsulfanyl]-benzofuranwas carried out according to procedures in Step 5B for Example 2A togiveD-2-[4′-(Benzofuran-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester in 54% yield. NMR: G8475-165. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,BENZENE-D6) δ ppm 0.7 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H) 0.9 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H) 1.9 (m,1H) 3.0 (s, 3H) 4.0 (m, 3H) 5.0 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H) 6.6 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H)7.1 (m, 4H) 7.3 (m, 6H) 7.3 (s, 1H) 7.4 (m, 1H).

Step 16C: A solution ofD-2-[4′-(Benzofuran-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester (75 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1 eq) in 4 mL of THF was placed inice bath. 125 mg of MCPBA (77%, 0.55 mmol, 3.7 eq) in 3 mL of THF wasadded dropwise. After addition complete, ice bath was removed and thereaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 12 hrs.TLC indicated reaction was complete. Regular work-up and columnchromatography (20% EtOAc in hexane) to affordD-2-[4′-(Benzofuran-2-sulfonylmethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester (56 mg) in 70% yield. NMR: G8475-166. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CHLOROFORM-D) □ ppm 0.9 (dd, J=33.3, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 2.0 (m, 1H) 3.4 (s, 3H)3.8 (dd, J=10.1, 5.3 Hz, 1H) 4.6 (s, 2H) 5.1 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H) 7.4 (m,4H) 7.5 (m, 3H) 7.6 (m, 1H) 7.7 (m, 3H) 7.9 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H).

Step 16D [: Hydrolysis ofD-2-[4′-(Benzofuran-2-sulfonylmethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid methyl ester was carried out according to procedures in Step 1D forExample 1A in quantitative yield. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6) δ ppm 0.8(dd, J=12.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H) 1.9 (m, 1H) 3.5 (dd, J=9.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H) 5.0 (s,2H) 7.4 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H) 7.4 (m, 1H) 7.6 (m, 1H) 7.7 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H)7.7 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H) 7.8 (m, 6H) 8.1 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H).

The following compounds (3.92 and 3.93) were prepared according toScheme 6.63.

Example 3.92

3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-3′-methoxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.806 (d, 3H), 0.837 (d, 3H), 1.94 (m, 1H),3.53 (t, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 7.27 (m, 1H),7.34 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, 2H), 7.61 (d, 1H), 7.89 (m, 8H); ES+m/z 518.2(M−H); HRMS (C29H29NO6S): calcd; 520.17884; found; 520.17839 (M+H).

Example 3.93

2-[4′-(3,5-Dimethoxy-benzyloxy)-3′-methoxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.808 (d, 3H), 0.838 (d, 3H), 1.94 (m, 1H),3.74 (s, 6H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 6.45 (t, 1H), 6.62 (d, 2H),7.11 (d, 1H), 7.25 (d, 1H), 7.32 (d, 1H), 7.79 (d, 2H), 7.85 (d, 2H),8.02 (d, 1H); ES+m/z 528.2 (M−H); HRMS (C₂₇H₃₁NO8S): calcd; 530.18432;found; 530.18367 (M+H).

The following compounds (3.94-3.111) were made using proceduresdescribed in scheme 17.

Example 3.94

2-(4′-Hydroxy-3-trifluoromethoxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.825 (d, 3H), 0.875 (d, 3H), 2.04 (m, 1H),3.70 (m, 1H), 6.89 (d, 2H), 7.59 (m, 2H), 7.75 (dd, 1H), 7.94 (d, 1H),8.16 (d, 1H); ES+m/z 432.1 (M−H); HRMS (C18H18F3NO6S): calcd; 451.11451;found; 451.11461 (M+NH4).

Example 3.95

2-(4′-Hydroxy-3-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.850 (m, 6H), 2.02 (m, 1H), 3.60 (m, 1H),6.90 (d, 2H), 7.67 (d, 2H), 8.10 (m, 3H); ES+m/z 416.0 (M−H); HRMS(C18H18F3NO5S): calcd; 435.11960; found; 435.11966 (M+NH4).

Example 3.96

2-(4′-Hydroxy-3-methyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.810 (t, 6H), 1.93 (m, 1H), 2.64 (s, 3H),3.39 (m, 1H), 6.87 (m, 2H), 7.56 (m, 3H), 7.81 (d, 1H), 8.00 (d, 1H);ES+m/z 362.1 (M−H); HRMS (C18H21NO5S): calcd; 381.14786; found;381.14808 (M+NH4).

Example 3.97

2-(3-Fluoro-4′-hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyric acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.850 (m, 6H), 2.02 (m, 1H), 3.63 (m, 1H),6.87 (d, 2H), 7.61 (m, 3H), 7.76 (t, 1H), 8.22 (d, 1H); ES+m/z 366.0(M−H); HRMS (C17H18FNO5S): calcd; 385.12279; found; 385.12276 (M+NH4).

Example 3.98

2-(2,5-Difluoro-4′-hydroxy-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methyl-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.880 (m, 6H), 2.04 (m, 1H), 3.69 (m, 1H),6.89 (d, 1H), 7.45 (m, 2H), 7.58 (m, 2H), 8.45 (d, 1H); ES+m/z 384.1(M−H); HRMS (C17H17F2NO5S): calcd; 403.1137; found; 403.11328 (M+NH4).

Example 3.99

3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-3-trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.900 (d, 3H), 0.960 (d, 3H), 2.06 (m, 1H),3.70 (d, 1H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 6.95 (d, 1H), 7.43 (m, 6H), 7.69 (s, 1H),7.75 (m, 3H), 7.88 (m, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, 1H); ES+m/z 556.1(M−H); HRMS (C29H26F3NO5S): calcd; 558.15566; found; 558.15484 (M+H).

Example 3.100

2-[3-Fluoro-4′-(naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOH): δ 0.920 (d, 3H), 0.980 (d, 3H), 2.10 (m, 1H),3.76 (d, 1H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 6.94 (d, 1H), 7.43 (m, 7H), 7.70 (s, 1H),7.78 (m, 4H); ES+m/z 506.1 (M−H); HRMS (C28H26FNO5S): calcd; 508.15885;found; 508.15818 (M+H).

Example 3.101

2-[2,5-Difluoro-4′-(naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-3-methyl-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOH): δ 0.910 (d, 3H), 0.980 (d, 3H), 2.09 (m, 1H),3.78 (d, 1H), 4.16 (s, 2H), 6.92 (d, 1H), 7.37 (m, 6H), 7.56 (m, 1H),7.67 (s, 1H), 7.75 (m, 4H); ES+m/z 524.1 (M−H); HRMS (C28H25F2NO5S):calcd; 526.14943; found; 526.14881 (M+H).

Example 3.102

ES⁺ m/z 614.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 616.16053 (M+H)⁺; 616.16114 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.83 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.088 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.06 (m, 1H), 3.74 (dd, 1H, J=5.6, 10 Hz), 5.18 (s, 2H), 5.35 (d,1H, J=10 Hz), 6.92 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.00 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.07 (d, 2H,J=8 Hz), 7.34 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.61 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.79(d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.88 (m, 1H), 8.02 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 8.24 (m, 1H), 12.70(s, 1H).

Example 3.103

ES⁺ m/z 598.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 600.16554 (M+H)⁺; 600.16622 Calc'd

H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.85 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.86 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz),2.05 (m,

Example 3.104

ES⁺ m/z 564.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 566.13860 (M+H)⁺; 566.13987 Calc'd

H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.84 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.86 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz),2.02 (m, 1H), 3.57 (dd, 1H, J=6, 9.2 Hz), 5.17 (s, 2H), 6.92 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 6.99 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.07 (m, 3H), 7.33 (m, 2H), 7.59 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.83 (m, 5H), 7.95 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz), 8.03 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 8.21(m, 1H), 12.65 (s, 1H).

Example 3.105

ES⁺ m/z 590.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 592.16098 (M+H)+; 592.16114 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.83 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.88 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.05 (m, 3H), 2.53 (t, 2H, J=6 Hz), 2.91 (t, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.74 (dd,1H, J=5.6, 10 Hz), 5.28 (s, 2H), 6.98 (m, 2H), 7.60 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz),7.69 (s, 1H), 7.85 (m, 4H), 8.02 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 8.25 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz),12.70 (s, 1H).

Example 3.106

ES⁺ m/z 574.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 576.16522 (M+H)+; 576.16622 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.85 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.86 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.04 (m, 3H), 2.53 (t, 2H, J=6 Hz), 2.91 (t, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.63 (dd,1H, J=6, 10Hz), 5.29 (s, 2H), 6.98 (m, 2H), 7.61 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.85(m, 3H), 8.20 (m, 4H), 12.70 (s, 1H).

Example 3.107

ES⁺ m/z 524.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 526.16859 (M+H)⁺; 526.16942 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.84 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.87 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.02 (m, 3H), 2.53 (t, 2H, J=6 Hz), 2.91 (t, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.66 (dd,1H, J=6, 9.2 Hz), 5.27 (s, 2H), 6.98 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.70(m, 1H), 7.83 (m, 5H), 8.30 (d, 1H, J=10Hz), 12.65 (s, 1H).

Example 3.108

ES⁺ m/z 629.2 (M−H)−HRMS: 631.17159 (M+H)⁺; 631.17204 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.83 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.88 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.07 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 3.74 (dd, 1H, J=5.6, 9.6 Hz), 5.20 (s,2H), 6.68 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.95 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.06 (m, 4H), 7.62 (d,2H, J=8 Hz), 7.69 (m, 2H), 7.80 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.87 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 8Hz), 8.03 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 8.25 (d, 2H, J=9.2 Hz), 12.70 (s, 1H).

Example 3.109

ES⁺ m/z 613.2 (M−H)−HRMS: 615.17639 (M+H)⁺; 615.17712 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.85 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.87 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.05 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 3.63 (dd, 1H, J=6, 9.6 Hz), 5.20 (s,2H), 6.68 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.95 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.06 (m, 4H), 7.63 (d,2H, J=8 Hz), 7.69 (t, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.87 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 8.21 (m, 4H),12.70 (s, 1H).

Example 3.110

ES⁺ m/z 563.2 (M−H)—HRMS: 565.18038 (M+H)⁺; 565.18032 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.84 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.87 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.04 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 3.66 (dd, 1H, J=6, 9.6 Hz), 5.19 (s,2H), 6.68 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.95 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.06 (s, 4H), 7.60 (d,2H, J=8 Hz), 7.70 (m, 2H), 7.83 (m, 4H), 8.31 (d, 1H, J=9.2 Hz), 12.70(s, 1H).

Example 3.111

ES⁺ m/z 579.1 (M−H)−HRMS: 581.15050 (M+H)⁺; 581.15077 Calc'd

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.84 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.86 (d, 3H, J=6.8Hz), 2.02 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 3.58 (dd, 1H, J=6.4, 9.6 Hz), 5.20 (s,2H), 6.68 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.95 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.06 (s, 4H), 7.60 (d,2H, J=8 Hz), 7.62 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.83 (m, 3H), 7.95 (d, 1H, J=1.6),8.03 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 8.22 (d, 1H, J=9.6 Hz), 12.70 (s, 1H).

Examples 112, 113, 114 were made based on Scheme 5.

Example 3.112

3-Methyl-2-[4′-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD): δ; ES⁺ m/z (M+H) 455.1; HRMS (M+H) m/z calcd455.16352; found 455.16317; (C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₅S):

Example 3.113

3-Methyl-2-[4′-(naphthalen-2-ylmethoxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ0.85 (d, 3H), 0.95 (d, 3H), 2.10 (m, 1H), 3.83(m, 1H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 5.25 (bs, 1H), 7.44-7.55 (m, 7H),7.65 (d, 2H), 7.82-7.90 (m, 6H); ES⁺ m/z (M−H) 502.1; HRMS (M+H) m/zcalcd 504.18392; found 504.18503; (C₂₉H₂₉NO₅S):

Example 3.114

3-Methyl-2-[4′-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxymethyl)-biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino]-butyricacid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 0.81 (d, 3H), 0.84 (d, 3H), 1.95 (m, 1H), 3.55(dd, 1H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 4.63 (d, 2H), 7.44 (d, 2H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 7.70(d, 2H), 7.74 (d, 1H), 7.84 (m, 4H), 8.08 (m, 2H); ES+m/z (M+H) 455.1;HRMS (M+H) m/z calcd 455.16352; found 455.16290; (C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₅S).

Example 4 Inhibition of ADAMTS-5 Aggrecanase Activity Using the BiarylSulfonamide Compounds of the Present Invention

The biaryl sulfonamide compounds of the present invention were testedfor their ability to inhibit the aggrecanase activity of ADAMTS-4(Agg-1) and ADAMTS-5 (Agg-2). The results are shown in Table 1 below,which shows the concentration of the compounds in μM that inhibits 50%of the aggrecanase activity of the enzyme (IC50). The compounds arelisted from lowest to highest potency for ADAMTS-5, with the last beingthe most potent.

TABLE 1 Compound IC50 Agg-1 (uM) Agg-2 (uM)

0.1 >200

0.3 >100

1.9 67.0

1.1 13.0

1.0 12.6

1.9 12.0

1.7 11.3

0.9 11.2

1.6 10.7

0.9 10.6

0.1 8.4

0.1 8.4

1.2 8.2

0.2 7.5

0.4 7.0

0.2 6.6

0.4 6.5

1.9 6.3

1.8 5.8

0.6 5.4

2.6 5.0

0.7 4.0

0.9 3.5

1.1 3.4

0.2 3.4

0.9 3.2

1.9 3.2

1.4 3.0

0.2 2.8

0.1 2.6

0.1 2.5

0.1 2.4

0.4 2.4

0.4 2.4

0.2 2.0

0.2 1.8

0.4 0.8

0.4 0.4

A continuous assay was used in which the substrate upon which Agg-1 andAgg-1 acts is a synthetic peptide containing a fluorescent group that isquenched by energy transfer. Cleavage of the peptide by the aggrecanaseenzyme results in a large increase in fluorescence. The initial rates ofthe reaction are compared to the initial rates of reactions containingthe biaryl sulfonamide compounds in order to assess the inhibitorpotency of the compounds.

The source of enzyme in the assay is purified recombinant humanAggrecanase-2. More specifically, the form used is denoted asAg2t-Phe₆₂₈-Strep (MW=41,737). This form is truncated relative to thefull-length enzyme and contains an affinity tag. Aliquots of this enzymewere stored at −80° C. in 25 mM Tris (pH 8.0), 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂,10 μM ZnCl₂, 10% glycerol.

The substrate in the assay is a synthetic peptide that is designed aftera portion of brevican, one of the naturally occurring substrates ofAggrecanase-2. This peptide, denoted as WAKB-5, contains the fluorescentgroup 2-aminobenzoyl (Abz) that is quenched by energy transfer to a2,4-dinitrophenyl group (Dnp). WAKB-5 (mass=1740) was custom synthesizedby AnaSpec, Inc. (San Jose, Calif.) and was >95% pure based on HPLCanalysis. WAKB-5 has the sequence of Abz-TESESRGAIY-Dap(Dnp)-KK-NH₂ (SEQID NO:11). Stock solutions of the substrate were prepared with MilliQwater and aliquots were stored at −80° C. The concentration of thissubstrate stock was spectrophotometrically determined using theextinction coefficient at 354 nm of 18,172 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹. The V_(max) andK_(m f) or this enzyme/substrate reaction were determined to beinsensitive to DMSO up to at least 10% (v/v).

The assay buffer (pH 7.4) consisted of 50 mM Hepes, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mMCaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS, 5% glycerol. Each well of black polystyrene 96-wellor 384-well plates contained a reaction consisting of assay buffer,purified Agg-2 (diluted with assay buffer), and varied concentrations ofinhibitor (prepared by serial dilution in DMSO in 96-well polypropyleneplates). The plates were then incubated at room temperature for 10minutes. The enzymatic reactions were initiated by adding substrate to afinal concentration of 25 μM and were mixed by pipetting up and down.The initial rates of the cleavage reactions were determined at roomtemperature with a fluorescence plate reader immediately after substrateaddition.

A detailed procedure for 100 μl reactions in a 96-well plate with afinal DMSO concentration of 4% and a final enzyme concentration of 0.5μg/ml (a concentration found to be suitable in most cases) is asfollows: (1) the compounds were diluted in a 96-well polypropylene platewith 100% DMSO to 25× final concentration in the assay, (2) the Agg-2was diluted to 2.083× final concentration (i.e., 1.04 μg/ml) in assaybuffer, (3) 48.0 μl of 2.083× Agg-2 was then added to the wells, (4) 4.0μl of 25× compound was transferred to the assay plate and the reagentswere mixed, (5) the plates were incubated for 10 minutes at roomtemperature, (6) the substrate was diluted to 52.075 μM (2.083× finalconcentration) with assay buffer, (7) after the 10 minutepre-incubation, 48.0 ul of 2.083× substrate was added and the reagentswere mixed well, (8) the reactions were immediately monitored in afluorescence plate reader at room temperature on the Tecan Safire withthe excitation being 316 nm, bandwidth 12 nm and emission being 432 nmand bandwidth 12 nm.

Analysis of the results was conducted by generating a plot of time vs.RFU for each sample. This was used as the “progress curve” of thereaction. The slope for the portion of the progress curve that is mostlinear was then determined. This slope (RFU/min) was used as the initialrate of the reaction. Plots of the inhibitor concentration vs. theinitial cleavage rate were then fit to the following equation:y=V_(max)*(1−(x^(n)/(K^(n)+x^(n)))), whereby x=inhibitor concentration,y=initial rate, V_(max)=initial rate in the absence of inhibitor,n=slope factor, and K=IC₅₀ for the inhibition curve. Thus the IC50calculations shown in Table 1 were determined.

Example 5 Inhibition of ADAMTS-5 Aggrecanase Activity Using theAnti-ADAMTS-5 Antibodies of the Present Invention

The anti-ADAMTS-5 antibodies of the present invention were tested fortheir ability to inhibit the aggrecanase activity of ADAMTS-4 (Agg-1)and ADAMTS-5 (Agg-2). The results are shown in Table 2, which shows thecharacteristics of four monoclonal antibodies generated againstrecombinant human ADAMTS-5 demonstrated reactivity with ADAMTS-5, butnot ADAMTS-4 or Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in an ELISA. All antibodiesidentified rhADAMTS-5 by western blot analysis.

TABLE 2 ELISA ELISA ELISA ELISA ELISA Full Length Truncated Full LengthTruncated Full Length RhADAMTS-5 RhADAMTS-5 RhADAMTS-5 RhADAMTS-5RhADAMTS-4 Clone 6/01/03 6/01/03 6/11/03 6/11/03 6/11/03 17 2.522 2.6453.194 3.348 0.067 18 2.432 2.666 3.107 3.406 0.043 34 2.589 2.654 3.2583.328 0.068 41 2.622 2.627 3.422 3.538 0.276 ELISA ELISA Western WesternFull Length Full Length ELISA Blot Blot RhADAMTS-5 RhADAMTS-4 BSA 6/256/26 Clone 6/12/03 6/12/03 BSA Reduced non-red. 17 3.758 0.115 0.094 + +18 3.839 0.291 0.122 + + 34 3.786 0.207 0.064 + + 41 4.000 0.374 0.104 ++While there have been described what are believed to be preferredembodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art will recognizethat other and further modifications may be made thereto, e.g. to adaptthe invention to various conditions, or other requirements, withoutdeparting from the spirit of the present invention as defined by thefollowing claims.

1. A method for treating osteoarthritis, comprising administering to asubject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an agentwhich inhibits ADAMTS-5, wherein the agent is an anti-ADAMTS-5 antibody.2-17. (canceled)
 18. A method for identifying a potential agent usefulfor the treatment of an ADAMTS-5-associated disease comprisingcontacting ADAMTS-5 with the potential agent and measuring the activityof ADAMTS-5 in the presence of the potential agent, wherein a reductionin activity is indicative that the potential agent is useful for thetreatment of the disease.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein theactivity is selected from the group consisting of metalloproteinaseactivity and aggrecanase activity.
 20. The method of claim 18 or 19,wherein the ADAMTS-5 is in a cell and the activity is measured in thecell.
 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising contacting a celllacking ADAMTS-5 with the potential agent, measuring the activity in thecell lacking ADAMTS-5 and comparing the activity to the activity of thecell having ADAMTS-5.
 22. The method of claim 18, wherein theADAMTS-5-associated disease is selected from the group consisting ofosteoarthritis, cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(“COPD”), atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, myocardialinfarction, corneal ulceration and other ocular surface diseases,hepatitis, aortic aneurysms, tendonitis, central nervous systemdiseases, abnormal wound healing, angiogenesis, restenosis, cirrhosis,multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis, graft versus host disease,diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, shock, invertebral discdegeneration, stroke, osteopenia, and periodontal disease.
 23. Themethod of claim 18, wherein the ADAMTS-5-associated disease isosteoarthritis. 24-37. (canceled)
 38. The method of claim 18, whereinthe agent is an anti-ADAMTS-5 antibody.
 39. The method of claim 1 or 38,wherein the antibody has metalloprotese inhibitory activity.
 40. Themethod of claim 39, wherein the antibody has aggrecanase inhibitoryactivity.